QUIZ 03/04 DEC
THE HISTORY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
THE TITHING SYSTEM
TITHING SYSTEM – FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM, SYSTEM OF GROUP PROTECTION, 10 FAMILIES
LARGE AREAS = 10 TITHINGS = A HUNDRED
SHIRE – ONE OR SEVERAL HUNDREDS, SIMILAR TO AN AMERICAN COUNTY
SHIRE REEVE – SHERIFF
SHIRE REEVE ASSISTED BY ELECTED CONSTABLES
CONSTABLES ORGANIZED CITIZENS INT POSSES TO CHASE OFFENDERS
CONSTABLE-WATCH SYSTEM
PEOPLE ARE THE POLICE
PROTECTION SYSTEM WAS LOCAL
STATUTE OF WINCHESTER – 1285, FORMALIZED CW SYSTEM
CONSTABLE – CHIEF PEACE KEEPER
CONSTABLES COULD DRAFT CITIZENS AS WATCHMEN
WATCHMEN UNPAID = INEFFECTIVE
HUE AND CRY – 15-60 MUST HELP CONSTABLE AND WATCHMEN
BOW STREET RUNNERS
HENRY FIELDING – FOUNDER, 1748
MAGISTRATE – CIVIL OFFICER OR JUDGE
BOW STREET COVENT GARDEN – LONDON ENTERTAINMENT DISTRICT
1ST BRITISH DETECTIVE FORCE
LONDON METROPOLITAN POLICE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION = CENTRALIZATION = POVERTY = CRIME
LONDON METROPOLITAN POLICE ACT – 1829, CREATED A 1,000 OFFICER POLICE FORCE WITH PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS
ROBERT PEELER – BOBBIES, PEELERS, URGED PARLIAMENT TO CREATE POLICE FORCE
ORGANIZED LIKE MILITARY = DISCIPLINE
MAGISTRATE – CIVIL OFFICER OR JUDGE, IN CHARGE OF BOBBIES
PEEL – POLICE PREVENT CRIME THROUGH PATROL
PEEL’S PRINCIPLES
EARLY AMERICAN LAW ENFORCEMENT
COLONISTS WANTED FREEDOM
CITIES = CONSTABLE-WATCH SYSTEM
1634 – NIGHT WATCH – BOSTON
PEOPLE = POLICE
PROBLEMS: PAY FOR REPLACEMENTS, ELDERLY, COMMUNITY SERVICE FOR CRIME
RURAL = SHERIFF AND POSSEES
LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THE CITIES
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION = POPULATION INCREASE, POVERTY INCREASE, CRIME INCREASE
URBAN VIOLENCE: RACIAL AND ETHNIC TENSIONS, DRINKING,
WATCHMEN: DO NOT PREVENT OR DISCOVER CRIME, LIGHT STREETLIGHTS, PATROL STREETS, ARREST SUSPECTS, CLEAR DEBRIS
WEAK SYSTEM = INCREASE IN LAWLESSNESS
MUNICIPAL FORCES
1844 – NYC – 1ST PAID AND UNIFIED POLICE FORCE
CLOSE TIES WITH POLITICIANS – OFFICERS APPOINTED TO POSITION
NOT TRUSTED OR RESPECTED
1853 – NY – MUNICIPAL POLICE DEPT.: CORRUPT, ABOLISHED REPLACED
1857 – NY – METROPOLITAN POLICE DEPT.: 5 COMMISSIONERS, 1 SUPERINTENDENT
MUNICIPAL VS. METRO = CONFLICT, LAWLESSNESS
MUNICIPAL DISBANDED
1855 – BOSTON UNIFIED POLICE DEPT.
POST CIVIL WAR = UNIFORMS, NIGHTSTICKS, FIREARMS
TANGLE OF POLITICS AND POLICING
POLITICIANS CONTROL POLICE = NEPOTISM AND CRONYISM
BRIBES, BUYING JOBS, FORCING VOTES
A BRIEF HISTORY OF BLACKS IN POLICING
DISCRIMINATION – DENIED BEING HIRED
FREE MEN OF COLOR – NEW ORLEANS WATCHMEN – CATCH RUNAWAY SLAVES – POLICE SLAVES
RECONSTRUCTION = SOCIAL AN POLITICAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR BLACKS = BACKLASH FROM WHITES
BLACKS FIRED – ALL WHITE POLICE DEPTS.
COULD NOT ARREST WHITES
1940 – 1950 – BLACKS HIRED TO POLICE BLACK NEIGHBORHOODS
RARELY PROMOTED
SLAVE PATROLS
FIRST AMERICAN POLICE SYSTEM
ENFORCE SLAVE CODES, CATCH RUNAWAYS, PREVENT UPRISINGS, MAINTAIN DISCIPLINE, GIVE PUNISHMENT
KU KLUX KLAN TAKES ROLE POST- CIVIL WAR
FRONTIER LAW ENFORCEMENT
REMOTE AND UNPOPULATED
VIGILIANTISM AND SELF-PROTECTION
SHERIFF, MARSHAL
STATE POLICE AGENCIES
1835 - TEXAS RANGERS
LOCAL POLICE AND GOV’T. NOT WILLING OR ABLE TO PREVENT CRIME = STATE POLICE
1905 – PA – 1ST MODERN L.E. AGENCIES WITH STATEWIDE POWER
AUTOMOBILE = EXTENDED AUTHORITY
1930S = STATE L.E. IN EVERY STATE
QUIZ 05 DEC
THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF AMERICAN LAW
ENFORCEMENT
PROFESSIONALISM AND REFORM

LACK OF ADEQUATE STANDARDS

EARLY POLICE = LITTLE QUALIFICATIONS – ADULT CITIZEN, NO TRAINING, CRIMINALS, POLITICAL CONNECTIONS

1880’S CINCINATTI, OH – MORALITY AND FOOT SPEED

1880’S CINCINATTI AND NYC, NY – POLICE ACADEMIES, BUT NO TEST

PROGRESSIVES – POLITICAL PARTY LOOKING FOR CHANGE – SOCIAL REFORM = VOLLMER

PROFESSIONAL MODEL (REFORM MODEL) FOR POLICING – TRAINING AND EDUCATION, NO POLITICS
o L.E. ONLY
o PATROL ALLOCATION BASED ON CRIME
o CENTRAL AUTHORITY (CHIEF)
DATA
o SPECIALIZED UNITS
o USE OF TECHNOLOGY (RADIOS)
o MOTORIZED PATROL
o RECRUITING, TRAINING AND TESTING

1900-1972 – WOMEN DISCRIMINATED AGAINST – NOT HIRED OR DEALT WITH ONLY WOMEN AND GIRLS

1972 – EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION

1905 - LOLA BALDWIN – 1ST WOMAN WITH FULL POLICE POWER

1910 – ALICE STEBBINS WELLS – 1ST UNIFORMED POLICEWOMAN – LAPD
CONFLICTING ROLES

AMERICANS NATURALLY SUSPICIOUS OF AUTHORITY
POLICE ROLES – PEACEKEEPERS, SOCIAL WORKERS, CRIME FIGHTERS, PUBLIC SERVANTS

PEACEKEEPERS, SOCIAL WORKERS, CRIME FIGHTERS, PUBLIC SERVANTS

SOCIAL SERVICES

REFORM MVMT. – VOLLMER / PROGRESSIVES

1960s – AGGRESSIVE PATROL, UNDERCOVER OPS., ELECTRONIC SURVEILLENCE

PUBLIC VS. POLICE – VIOLENCE

CIVIL RIGHTS MVMT. – VIETNAM PROTESTS

CHANGES – CAREFUL SELECTION OF OFFICERS, EXTENSIVE AND CONTINUOUS TRAINING

QUALIFICATIONS = INTEGRITY, INTELLIGENCE, INTERPERSONAL SKILLS, MENTAL STABILITY, PHYSICAL STRENGTH AND
AGILITY, COLLEGE

ELIMINATE DISCRIMINATION
COMMUNITY POLICING

1970s – DISORDERLY BEHAVIOR IN NEIGHBORHOODS

RESIDENTS APATHETIC

POLICE AS ENFORCER NOT WORKING

COMMUNITY POLICING – POLICE AND CITIZENS FORM LASTING PARTNERSHIP

FROM ENFORCER TO SOCIAL SERVICE

ERADICATE CAUSES OF CRIME RATHER THAN TREAT THE SYMPTOMS

INCIDENT-BASED TO PROBLEM-ORIENTED

FOOT PATROL
“CompStat”

COMPARE STATITICS OR COMPUTER STATISTICS

COMPUTER SYSTEM THAT ANALYZES CRIME DATA AND PLOTS IT ON A MAP (CRIME MAPPING)

CRIME REDUCTION
o PROVIDE ACCURATE AND TIMELY DATA
o CHOOSE EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES
o RAPID DEPLOYMENT
o EVALUATE RESULTS AND ADJUST
LOCAL POLICING AND IT’S DUTIES

88.6% LOCAL DEPTS. HAVE LESS THAN 50 OFFICERS

MOST OFFICERS ARE WHITE (76.4%) MALES (88.7%)

99% LOCAL DEPTS. REQUIRE HS DIPLOMA

DUTIES OF LOCAL OFFICERS:
o ENFORCE LAWS
o MAINTAIN ORDER AND PEACE
o PUBLIC SERVICE
o GATHER INFO

P.E.P.P.A.S.
o
o
o
o
o
o
PROTECT LIFE AND PROPERTY
ENFORCE LAWS
PREVENT CRIME
PRESERVE PEACE
ARREST VIOLATORS
SERVE PUBLIC

DUTIES OFTEN INCLUDE THINGS UNRELATED TO L.E. – 24/7

LOCAL STRUCTURE
o DEPENDS ON SIZE AND PHILOSOPHY
o PATROL
o CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
o
o
o
TRAFFIC
JUVENILE
TECHNICAL AND SUPPORT
SUBSPECIALITIES
o ROBBERY
o GANGS
o TRAINING
o BOMBS
o
o
o
o
PROPERTY
VICTIMS’ SERVICES
JAIL
MOUNTED PATROL
o
o
DRESS
DECORUM
o
o
COUNTY FAIRS
TRAFFIC CONTROL
o
o
o
o
SERVE WRITS
COURTROOM SECURITY
PRISONER TRANSPORT
CORRECTIONS


POLICE = ORGANIZED MILITARILY
o ACCOUNTABILITY
o DISCIPLINE
o RANK
COUNTY L.E.

SHERIFFS’ DEPTS.

53% = SWORN OFFICERS

PART-TIME PERSONNEL
o POSSES
o DISASTERS

17% OF U.S. L.E.

MOST ARE WHITE (81.2%) MALES (87.8%)

50% = <25 OFFICERS

QUALIFICATIONS SIMILAR TO MUNICIPAL P.Ds.

FUNCTIONS
o INVESTIGATE CRIMES
o ENFORCE LAWS
o SERVE SUMMONSES
o SERVE WARRANTS
POLITICS
o SHERIFFS ARE ELECTED = PART L.E. OFFICER / PART POLITICIAN

o
o
o
COMMISSIONERS HAVE OVERSIGHT
MORE POWER TO MAKE DECISIONS
SHERIFFS CAN APPOINT PEOPLE TO JOBS