Notes
Speech/Miller
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Context
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Sender – has to ENCODE the message
1 a : to convert (as a body of information)
from one system of communication into
another; especially : to convert (a message)
into code b : to convey symbolically
◦ (Merriam – Webster online)
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In other words: has to decide how best to say
or share their message
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The Sender has to encode the MESSAGE.
The encoding goes through the FILTERS that
belong exclusively to the Sender.
◦ Gender
◦ Age
◦ Religion
◦ Family/ current or past
◦ Education
◦ Attitudes
◦ Physical condition
◦ Experience
CONTEXT
encoding
Sender
MESSAGE
Symbols – anything that stands for an
idea and can be used for
communication (letters, texts, emails,
memos, drawings, etc.)
 Verbally – with words
 Nonverbally – anything other than
words
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◦ Hand/body gestures
◦ Tone of voice
◦ Silence
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Receiver has to DECODE the message
1 a : to convert (as a coded message) into
intelligible form b : to recognize and
interpret
2 a : decipher b : to discover the underlying
meaning of
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The message has to go through the
RECEIVER’S filters in order to be decoded.
Same TYPES but different and unique to
each individual
◦ Gender
◦ Age
◦ Religion
◦ Family/ current or past
◦ Education
◦ Attitudes
◦ Physical condition
◦ Experience
CONTEXT
channel
MESSAGE
encoding
Sender
DECODING
Receiver
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In order to show understanding or LACK of
understanding, the Receiver then provides
FEEDBACK
This is the RETURNING message, encoded
through the filters to go back to the original
Sender
The sender decodes that reply and responds
accordingly.
Repeat as necessary (it’s a cycle)
CONTEXT
channel
MESSAGE
ENCODING
DECODING
Sender
Receiver
decoding
encoding
FEEDBACK
channel
CONTEXT
channel
MESSAGE
ENCODING
DECODING
Sender
Receiver
decoding
encoding
FEEDBACK
channel
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BARRIERS are obstacles that could get in the
way of effective communication
Are things the people take in with them:
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Biases
Stereotypes
Attitude
Sickness
Weather
Education level
Social
Culture
Environment
These things do NOT change during course
of the communication
CONTEXT
channel
MESSAGE
ENCODING
Barriers
Barriers
Sender
DECODING
decoding
Receiver
encoding
FEEDBACK
channel
Things that could prevent the
message from being clear or easily
understood.
 These things occur DURING the
communication.

◦ Physical noise
◦ Semantic noise
◦ Psychological noise
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Physical Noise: anything heard with
the ears that could distract from the
message
◦ Clicking pens
◦ Growling stomach
◦ Someone else’s conversation
◦ Ticking clock
◦ Papers rustling
◦ Lawn mower outside
◦ Dog barking
 Semantic
Noise: words used that
confuse the listener
◦ Don’t know what the word means
(defenestrate)
◦ Don’t appreciate the words used
(Now, children)
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Psychological Noise: anything going
on in the Receiver’s OR Sender’s mind
that could distract
◦ Hunger
◦ Test next class
◦ hot girl/guy just walked by
◦ Grounded by parents
◦ Argued with teacher last class
◦ Broke up with boy/girl friend
◦ About to sneeze
◦ Discomfort/uncomfortable
A= physical
B= semantic
C= psychological
CONTEXT
channel
MESSAGE
ENCODING
DECODING
B
Sender
A
C
decoding
Receiver
encoding
FEEDBACK
channel
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Context
Sender
Receiver
Message
Channel
Feedback
Encoding
Decoding
Barriers
Interference or NOISE
 Physical, Psychological, Semantic