Chemistry Unit
Objective 4.01
The goal of this objective is
for you to be able to
understand that all things
are made of chemicals
•What is a Chemical?
• Fold
your notecard in half and draw
and color a picture of something that is
a chemical
• On the back of the notecard define
chemical
• Are any of the items on the table
chemicals?
•What is a Chemical?
Made of Chemicals
• Why are these made of
chemicals
Not Made of Chemicals
• Why are these not
chemicals
•Natural or Synthetic?
Natural Chemical
Synthetic Chemical
•Health risk?
Toxic
• Bad for humans and the
environment?
Nontoxic
• Good for humans and
the environment?
Definition of a chemical
A substance made of
elements combined into
molecules
•Chemical
•A
substance used in or formed by
chemical process,
• also be defined as any substance with
a definite composition—always made
of the same substance
•
Ex. water is always H2O
http://www.glogster.com/glog.php?glo
g_id=4071521&scale=54&isprofile=true
http://alevelnotes.com/?id=135
table salt is always NaCl
•Elements combined into molecules
water?
• table salt?
• sugar (glucose)?
• caffeine?
•
2 hydrogen, 1
oxygen
• 1 sodium, 1 chlorine
• 6 carbon, 12
hydrogen, 6 oxygen
• 8 carbon, 10
hydrogen, 4
nitrogen, 2 oxygen
•
•Natural vs. Synthetic
Natural examples
• Natural—CO2, H2O,
gold, and sugar
Unnatural examples
• Unnatural—chemicals
made in the laboratory
•
•
•
Synthetic chemicals—a
chemical not formed in
nature, but made by
man
Found in cleaning
products, cosmetics, etc
plastics, steel, bronze
http://www.random-sciencetools.com/chemistry/chemical_comp_ http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045/lect
of_body.htm
ures/lec_1.html#ans1_2
•Look around you
• What
objects are made of chemicals?
•Synthetic Chemicals
• What
are some synthetic chemicals
that you come in contact with daily
• Cleaning products, pesticides, paint,
glue, cosmetics, smoke, industrial gases,
automobile exhaust, etc
•Synthetic Chemicals
Daily we come in
contact with synthetic
chemicals
• Some we have control
of some we don’t
• Complete the chart
for your contact with
synthetic chemicals
• Write down 2 at
school, 1-2 on the way
home, 2-3 at home, 12 on the way back to
school
•
Synthetic Chemical Exposure Chart
What chemical
At what
were you
location were
exposed to?
you exposed?
What was the
method of
exposure?
How much
control would
you say you
had over the
exposure?
1= a lot
2= some
3= none
•Ticket Out
• Create
a Venn Diagram—Compare
and Contrast a Natural Chemical and
a Synthetic Chemical
Chemistry Unit
Objective 4.01 cont.
The goal of this objective is
for you to be able to
understand that all things
are made of
chemicals….natural and
synthetic
•What is matter?
Bobby asks, “What is matter?”
His older brother replies, “It’s basically
anything that takes up space.”
“Anything that takes up space?” Bobby
inquires.
“Pretty much” retorts the brother.
“Well big brother, my thoughts take up
space in my brain. So, are they matter?”,
questions Bobby.
Write a brief explanation on how his brother
would respond to Bobby’s final question.
•Matter
• Define
•
matter
Matter is anything that has mass and
volume
• Mass
is the amount of matter in a
substance
• Volume is the amount of space the
substance occupies
•Mass and Volume
•
Quick review
•
•
•
Mass is measured in
what units?
Volume is measured
in what units?
If you have mass and
you divide it by the
volume what do you
have?
•
grams
•
liters
•
density
What do you think will happen to the particle motion
as it changes from a liquid to a gas?
Observations
•
During Heating
In the Jug 20 minutes
After 20 minutes
What is happening
to the water?
What is happening to
the milk container?
What is happening to
the milk carton?
What is heat?
Why is this
happening?
Why is this
happening?
Why does it matter
that the water is
heated?
What is making the
container do this?
What is the difference
of the water now
versus the initial pour?
As, the water heats
what is happening
to the particles?
How could we test this What change is
idea?
happening to the
water
What is happening
between the
particles?
•States (phases) of Matter
• Solid—has
a definite shape and volume
• Liquid—doesn’t have a definite shape,
has a definite volume
• Gas—doesn’t have a definite shape,
doesn’t have a definite volume
•States of Matter
• Caused
by a change in temperature or
pressure…by adding or taking away
energy
• If starting as a solid increasing
temperature or pressure changes it to a
liquid, and so on and so forth
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matte
r_states.html
•Compare and Contrast
Solid
Definite
shape
Liquid
Definite
volume
Indefinite
shape
Gas
Indefinite
shape
•Compare and Contrast
Molecules
compact and
close
Solid
Definite
volume
Liquid
Fill bottom of
container
Definite
shape
crystals
Chemical
Particles
Moving
Molecules
Atoms
Particles
are free
to move
Indefinite
shape
Indefinite
volume
Gas
Fill entire
container
•Challenge Questions
• The
temperature at which a solid
becomes a liquid is its____________
• The temperature at which a liquid
becomes a gas is its______________
•What about BEC?
Bose-Einstein condensate
•
•
•
•
The Scientists
Invented in 1995 by
Weiman, Cornell, Ketterle
Thought of by two scientists
in 1920…Albert Einstein
and Satyendra Bose
Blobs of atoms that are
super unexcited and super
cold a few billionths of a
degree above absolute
zero
This is the state before a
solid
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/
•The State After Gas
Plasma
• It’s super excited and
super hot
• Electrons and ions are
free from the element
that has been
transformed
• Depending on the
element determines
the color of the glow
•
•
http://bogard.110mb.com/Plasmaglobecolors.htm
Found in stars,
Northern lights, and
some light bulbs
(florescent)
• Plasma in stars is super
hot
• Plasma in light bulbs is
much cooler
•
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks2bites
ize/science/materials/changing_states
/play.shtml
What do you think will happen to the particle motion
as it changes from a liquid to a gas?
Observations
•
During Heating
In the Jug 20 minutes
After 20 minutes
What is happening
to the water?
What is happening to
the milk container?
What is happening to
the milk carton?
What is heat?
Why is this
happening?
Why is this
happening?
Why does it matter
that the water is
heated?
What is making the
container do this?
What is the difference
of the water now
versus the initial pour?
As, the water heats
what is happening
to the particles?
How could we test this What change is
idea?
happening to the
water
What is happening
between the
particles?
•Homework
•
Complete the chart for each material
Melting
Point
Propane
Heptane
Chloromethane
Benzene
Phenol
Neon
Boiling Point
Density
Phase
•Homeworkb
•
•
If you don’t have access to the internet
Write a diamante poem which talks about two of the states of
matter
•
For example it could be about solid and liquid, liquid and gas, or gas
and liquid
•
•
•
•
Noun (a)
Adjective(a), adjective(a)
Verb+ing(a), Verb+ing(a), Verb+ing(a)
Noun(relating to a), noun(a), noun(relating to b), noun(b)
•
Verb+ing(b), Verb+ing(b), Verb+ing(b)
•
Adjective(b), Adjective(b)
•
Noun(b)
Chemistry Unit
Objective 4.01 cont.
The goal of this objective is
for you to be able to
understand that all things
are made of
chemicals….natural and
synthetic
•Element
• most
basic kind of matter, it can not be
broken down into simpler substances by
ordinary chemical means
•Complete the following
•
What is the difference between a mixture and a
compound? List examples for each.
•Periodic Table
• Elements
organized by their atomic
number
• ~109 elements
Amount changes due to them being
synthesized in labs
• —93 are natural elements, synthetic
elements—16 that scientists created
•
•Mixture vs. Compound
mixture
•
•
•
Two or more substances
combine but don’t join
chemically
Individual substances
keep their properties
Ex. Cereal, trail mix, air,
etc.
•Mixture vs. Compound
compound
•
•
•
•
•
Two or more elements
combine chemically
Individual substances
don’t keep their
properties
Can’t be physically
separated
Have to be chemically
separated (chemical
reaction)
Ex. Water, salt, etc.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/science/chemic
al_material_behaviour/compounds_mixtures/activity.shtml
•Ways to separate mixtures
•
•
•
•
•
Filtration
Evaporation
Distillation
Fractional distillation
Chromatography
•Ticket Out
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
How would you separate the following
alcohol and iron filling
water and sand
water and sugar
vegetable soup
water and salt
rubbing alcohol and water
Salt, pepper, water
http://www.sciencebuddies.org/scienc
e-fairprojects/project_ideas/FoodSci_p006.s
html
•CANDY OR MARKER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
ACTIVITY
http://www.sciencebuddies.org/mento
ring/project_ideas/Chem_p008.shtml