AP EURO
Unit #1 – Renaissance and Reformation
Lesson #9
Religious Violence
(FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION)
Essential Questions
• What caused, and what ended the French
Wars of Religion?
• What caused, and what ended the Dutch
Rebellion?
French Religious Wars
1. Habsburg-Valois Wars
1. 40 years of French-German antagonism
2. Four wars (1521-1559)
3. France went into debt
2. Formation of Calvinism
1. Caught on by 1550s
2. 15% of society by 1570s
3. Nearly half of the nobles
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Why would Protestantism be
popular among Nobles?
Why would Protestantism NOT
be popular among peasants?
Henry II of France
1. Son of Francis I
1. Francis was a contemporary of Henry VIII
2. Was king for only 10 years
2m
3. Died in a jousting tournament (end of 8th Italian War)
2. Henry’s wife, Catherine de Medici
1. Mother to three more kings
2. She directed French policy for next generation
3. Tried to maintain power of monarchy with opposing
“sides” (Guise Catholics vs. Bourbon Huguenots)
3. His son, Henry III tried to hold nation together
Pico della Mirandola
• The Oration on the Dignity of Man
• Called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance".
• Spoke to hostile clerics of the dignity of the
liberal arts
• The Oration served as an introduction to Pico's
900 theses, which he believed provided a basis
for the discovery of all knowledge
• Pico combined Platonism, Neoplatonism,
Aristoteliansm, Hermeticism and Kabbalah.
• Also included 72 theses describing what Pico
believed to be a complete system of physics.
Pico’s Oration on the Dignity of Man
• These are the reasons why I decided to study
philosophy. And I'm not going to explain them to
anyone except those who condemn philosophy.
Philosophy is not something to be used scornfully
or as insult, but for honor and glory.
• We have reduced philosophy to only being useful
when being used for profit.
• I've never philosophized except for the sake of
philosophy, and have never desired it for my own
cultivation. I have been able to lose myself in
philosophy and not be influenced by others who
try to pull me away from it.
Henry IV
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Leader of Huguenots
Huguenot nobles challenged power of monarch
Henry of Navarre (Henry Bourbon)
Married sister of Henry III
Horrible wedding day
St. Bartholemew’s Day
Massacre
• Crazy MIL
• Catherine de Medici
Henry IV
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Catherine de Medici – queen mum – politique
Tried to neutralize Huguenots
She arranged for daughter, Margo to marry him
Neither liked each other
– He had lots of mistresses
– 27 years of unhappiness
– He had lots of mistresses
• Among the most popular of all French kings
• Murdered by a fanatical catholic as carriage sat
in traffic
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Key Dates
Henry
IV
1553: Born
1572: Married to Margo (age 19)
1587: War of the Three Henrys
1594: Coronated (age 41)
1598: Edict of Nantes
1599: Marriage Annulled
1600: Married to Marie (age 47)
1610: Died (age 57)
- assassinated
12m
Henry IV
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Beloved by his people
Kind, compassion, good humor, charming
Highly concerned for welfare of France
Promoted agriculture; drained swamps
Renewed Paris as a great city; added wings to
Louvre
Public works
Bridges and canals
Promoted the arts
Education for all
Prevented deforestation; ordered plantings
Edict of Nantes
• Religious tolerance for Huguenots
• Henry – a man of vision & courage
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Married Marie de Medici
Six kids (3 lived)
Louis XIII
Henrietta Maria (married Charles I of England)
– Maryland
• Marie coronated the day before he was killed
Dutch Rebellion (1560s – 1640)
• Part of the Spanish Empire
– SPANISH NETHERLANDS
– WILL ONE DAY BE THE AUSTRIAN NETHERLANDS
• Charles V was born there – kept close watch
• Philip II (r:1555-1598) let it fester – grew to
different and independent – Calvinist influence
• Spanish sent Duke of Alba (20,000 mercenaries)
– Council of Troubles (1568-1573)
• William of Orange
• Spanish Fury (The sack of Antwerp)
• Pacification of Ghent – UNITED PROVINCES born
William of Orange vs. Duke of Alba
William of Orange vs. Duke of Alba
THE SPANISH FURY
Philip II vs. Elizabeth I
Philip II vs. Elizabeth I
THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA
9M
The Great Witch Hunt
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100,000 – 200,000 accusations and trials
40,000 – 60,000 executions
Witches – sabbats; magical
Satan, goats and groups
80% accused were poor single women over 45
– Often midwives
• Women thought to be weaker
• Accusation led to a hunt – coven has members
• Likely it was the Renaissance and Reformation
that started… and ended the craze