Stonitsch & Orr

 Information that you have highlighted when reading your sources
 You then take this highlighted material on either directly quote it, paraphrase it, or summarize it on your note card
 Remember: Only one piece of information or fact per note card
 Information you did not know about your topic that you get from another author

 It's like lip-synching to someone else's voice and accepting the applause and rewards for yourself.
 IF YOU PLAGIARIZE, YOU WILL FAIL!!! …any time you take a writer’s words and use them as your own, you are plagiarizing
 Even when you are summarizing or paraphrasing in your words, they were not your words originally; so you must cite at the end of the paraphrase or summary

 Summarize
 Paraphrase
 Quote
 Include your own thoughts about what the writer has to say
ALWAYS GIVE THE CREDIT TO THE REAL AUTHOR!

• for support
• to preserve vivid or technical language
• to comment on a quotation
• to distance yourself from a quotation
• paraphrase might alter the statement’s meaning
• you can’t think of any way to say it that works as well as the original
• if you paraphrase it might be difficult to tell it isn’t your view
Remember the Quotation Rules
:
 Quotation is your last choice.
 Don’t use a quote unless you can’t say it in your own words.
 Quote infrequently—once a page would be plenty in a student paper.
 Never end a paragraph with a quote. Never expect the quote to make your point for you.
Always wrap-up in your own words
 Never use long quotes (2-3 sentences would be maximum length for a student paper)
 You must always explain how a quote supports your
 Point or thesis = This means that you never drop a quote in your paper without setting it up or introducing it; then after you include it, you must explain it / tie it to your point in your own words but in 3 rd person.

Use quotation marks “ “ to show EXACTLY what the author was saying (Do NOT use more than 4 lines) or you will have to follow and extended quote format in your text of your paper.
o Include Author’s Last Name and Page Number on which you found the information, directly after the quote in a citation—If no page number, just author’s last name.
 If there isn’t an author, then you put the article title in “” inside the
For example,
Rhythmic writers shouted “poetry rocks!” (Hughes 2).

When do you use paraphrase in your essay rather than
?
 Most of the time your source is not authoritative or interesting enough to quote and you should paraphrase
 Use paraphrase to give your readers an accurate and you will explain, interpret or disagree with in your essay.
 Paraphrasing can help you understand difficult passages which can help you prepare for writing.
Describe a good paraphrase.
 Is accurate: should accurately represent the author’s ideas
 Is complete: should tell the whole idea of author
 In your own voice: don’t just substitute synonyms for key should convey the information.
 Should make sense by itself: like a summary, you should be which flow together naturally.

What is the difference between a paraphrase & a summary?
 Records a short passage
 Covers every point in the passage
 Records a passage of any length
 Condenses and includes only main ideas
 Records ideas in the same order as the original passage (not same wording)
 Changes the order of ideas when necessary to make the summary more clear
 Does not interpret—You would do that or explain after your paraphrase and citation
 Might explain or interpret within the summary
 Much shorter than the original
 Is a bit shorter than the original but longer than a summary

"I had to explain to him that I was deaf. I said, 'Wait; I can't hear; please talk slowly.' He looked at me and said,
'What?' I told him again I was deaf, and he said, 'Oh.' He pointed to a door and told me to go through that door. I followed his instructions. I opened the door and walked through it, closing the door behind me. I found that I was in the hallway near the elevator where I had just come up. I was shocked! He had rejected me without any explanation. I got into the elevator, and as it descended, I felt very letdown. I couldn't understand why he didn't give me a chance to explain that I could do the job well. It didn't require hearing!"
Source Citation:
Bragg, Bernard. “My First Summer Job.” A Handful of
Stories, 19.

 In A Handful of Stories, Bernard Bragg tells a story of trying to get a job. One time he told a potential employer he was deaf, and the man just pointed to the door. Mr. Bragg, not realizing the man was telling him to leave, opened the door and stepped out. Not until he went out the door did he realize he had been rejected because he was deaf (19).

 In A Handful of Stories, the narrator tells a story about being rejected for a job because he couldn’t hear. He didn’t realize he was being turned down by this potential employer until after he left (Bragg
19).

 Original Source Material: Developing complex skills in the classroom providing for the transfer of stimulus control by gradually withdrawing the prompts or cues, and (4) scheduling reinforcements so that the ratio of reinforcements in responses gradually increases and natural reinforcers can maintain their behavior.
 Gredler, Margaret. Learning and Instruction: Theory Into Practice (4th Ed).
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001.
 Plagiarized Version: Inducing a response, providing for the transfer of stimulus control by gradually withdrawing prompts or cues, reinforcing subtle improvements in the behavior, and scheduling reinforcements so that natural reinforcers can maintain their behavior are the key ingredients
 Why Plagiarism? The student merely moved the author’s words
 Correct Version: The same factors apply to developing complex skills in a behavior. Reinforcers have to be scheduled carefully, and cues have to be maintained (Gredler).

 A paraphrase is necessary when you want your reader to completely understand another author’s text or when you are arguing against a specific point
 a summary is used when you are referring only generally to the original or are using that piece as only one of several you are citing for a particular point.

 As you find interesting facts about your topic, you will write them down.
 Each idea should be quoted word for word, paraphrased , or summarized ( in your own words), and written on a card.

 In order to keep your ideas in order, and to remember where you found the ideas, there are four items that you should include on the index card

 .



 Hughes' upbringing
 Hughes' influences
 Hughes' poetry
 Hughes' political beliefs
 Hughes' influence on America
These categories or your 3 points or background will become your
Roman Numerals on your outline and you will organize your cards based on your 3 points or background

Organized by Card Topic



 In the previous example, the source was given a number, instead of writing out the entire title, author, etc.

 Once you create a draft of your works cited page, you will print it out
 Then to the left of each source, you will number your sources on this list and circle each number
 Your numbers in the top right corner of each note card should match the circled number on your works cited draft to specify which source provided which fact.

Works Cited
① Berman, Morris. The Twilight of American Culture . New York: W.W. Norton, 2000.
② Cox, Ted, John Branson and Jack Jennings. “Once Daring, MTV Now a Bland
Corporate Commodity.”
Daily Herald [Arlington Heights, IL] 1 Aug. 2006
1. Infotrac Custom Newspapers . Web. 27 Aug. 2009.
③ Gardner, Herbert. “Little Books, Big Success.”
Publishers Weekly 30 Oct. 2008:
70-76. Print.
④ Kafka, Franz. “The Metamorphosis.”
40 Short Stories: A Portable Anthology.
Third Edition. Ed. Beverly Lawn. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009:
118-161. Print (Kafka 161).
⑤ "Sex Pistols Biography." Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame
Museum, n.d.Web. 21 Apr. 2014. <http://rockhall.com/inductees/sexpistols/bio/>.

 It is important to be accurate with the page numbers, if provided, on your note cards, as you will need them for citations throughout your research paper.

You will now begin working on drafting your
Works Cited Page and creating your note cards. I have made a sample template for you to use.
You can do the following:
--Use my template
--Hand write you cards