Chapter 10 - Muslim Civilization
Focus: Who was Muhammad and how did
his teachings lead to the rise of Islam?
Chapter 10- Muslim Civilization

10.1 - The Rise of Islam

10.2 - Building a Muslim Empire

10.3 - Muslim Civilization Golden Age

10.4 - India’s Muslim Empires

10.5 - The Ottoman and Safavid Empires
10.1- Rise of Islam

Focus: What messages, or teachings, did Muhammad spread
through Islam?
10.1- Rise of Islam

Followers of Islam are called Muslim*

Their holy text is the Quran*

Chief Prophet: Muhammad*
10.1- Rise of Islam

Islam begins: Muhammad was born in the oasis
town of Mecca.

Mecca:
 Was a bustling market*
 Pilgrimage center*
 No weapons in the city*
 Was home to many pagan gods* (statues)
10.1- Rise of Islam

Muhammad: (570 AD)

led a modest life early on:

He was an honest business
man*

Married at 25 (Khadija)*

Devoted father and
husband*

Was troubled by the moral
ills of society*
10.1- Rise of Islam
According to Islamic belief, when Muhammad was 40 years old
he heard the voice of an angel (Gabriel) . Muhammad was
uneasy, but became the messenger of god.*
10.1- Rise of Islam

Muhammad's Teachings:


Weren’t widely accepted at
first
As they gained strength,
angered Mecca’s merchants

Neglect of idols would
disrupt trade
10.1- Rise of Islam

Muhammad’s Journey (Hijra):

Muhammad left Mecca and
entered the city of Medina.*


Acceptance grows
Thousands of Arabs adopt
Islam

With his followers he
returned to Mecca to free the
Kaaba, the temple he
believed should be dedicated
to one true God, of idols.*

Rededicated the Kaaba to
Allah (God), making it the
most holy place of Islam.*
10.1- Rise of Islam

The Quran:



Sacred text of Islam*
States people are
responsible for their
actions
Muslims believe that
God (Allah) has sent
other prophets: Jesus,
Abraham, Moses… but
Muhammad is the last
and greatest of all.
10.1- Rise of Islam

Duties (expectations) of
Islam:

Islamic people follow
The Five Pillars of Islam

Lay out the expectations
of Muslims*
10.1- Rise of Islam

Pillar One: Shahada
 Declaration of faith*

“There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.”
10.1- Rise of Islam

Pillar Two: Salah
 Daily Prayer*




Pray 5 times a day
Wash
Face Mecca
Some pray in Mosques house of worship*
 But not required
10.1- Rise of Islam

Pillar Three: Zakat

Alms for the Poor*

Give charity
10.1- Rise of Islam

Pillar Four: Ramadan

Fasting*



Don’t eat from sun up to sun down
Applies to other parts of life too, not just
eating
For the month of Ramadan (varies by
year)
10.1- Rise of Islam

Pillar Five:

Making a
Pilgrimage
(Hajj)*



Must make
the journey at
least once
Pray at the
Kaaba
Over 2 million
people a year
10.1- Rise of Islam

Jihad- struggle in God’s
service*

To Muslims Islam is both a
religion and a way of life

Their laws are based on the
teaching of Islam- Sharia*

Islam and the Quran
extended rights of women*
-
*however they must dress
modestly
-
Varies by location
10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

Focus: How did Muhammad’s successors
extend Muslim rule and spread Islam?
10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

After Muhammad diedhe named no successor:*

Islam needed another strong
leader

Abu Bakr - becomes the first:
caliph – successor*

Reunites the Muslims

Leads military campaigns to
unite other Arabs in Islam
10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire


The Muslim Empire rapidly
spread
Conquering area including:

Damascus

Jerusalem

The Persian Empire

Byzantine Egypt
10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire
10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire
Death of Muhammad :
created a split (schism) in the
Empire:

Sunni versus Shiite
Muslims

disagreed over who should
be caliph (successor)

SUNNI- majority of Muslims;
believed successors
should be pious males*

SHIITE- believed the caliph
must be a direct
descendent of Muhammad*
10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire


Sufis - Muslim Mystic*
Meditation, fasting, rituals
10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire
Muslim Empire grew from 661 - 750
Several Ruling Families (clans)



Umayyad (Spain)

Decline – criticized for lifestyle
10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

Abbasid – moved capital to Baghdad (750-1258)

Reasons for success:
 Weakness of Byzantines and Persians
 Aggressive and bold fighting
 Strong unity under Islam
Muslim Empire- c. 750
SPAIN- Umayyad
MED SEA
BAGHDAD- Abbasids
AFRICA
ARABIA
10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

As the Empire expanded:


Conquered people were treated
fairly
Many conquered joined the Islamic
faith



Non-Muslims taxed
Equality
The capital was moved to
Baghdad (Damascus)*




“Paradise on Earth”
Beautiful city
Market, Gardens, Domes
Minarets- slender towers*
Baghdad
Baghdad
10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls

Starting in 850 the Muslim Empire began to fade


Independent dynasties – caliph loses power*
Invasions*
10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls



Seljuk Turks migrated to the Middle East (900s)
Seljuk Turk Rulers (Sultan) - controlled Baghdad (1055)
Conflicts prevent Christians from traveling to Jerusalem
 Cause the Crusades (1095) Christians v. Muslims
10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls

Mongols led by Genghis Khan move into Middle East (1216)

Eventually burn and loot Baghdad
10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls
The culture still flourished in Spain
 Until 1492 (Inquisition)
10.3 - Muslim Golden Age
Focus: What achievements did Muslims make in
economics, art, literature, and science?

Muslim Golden Age



a time of prosperity
750-850: 100 years
During the Muslim
Golden Age:




Economy Advanced
Social Structure Advanced
Art, Literature, and
Architecture Thrive
Muslim Knowledge
Expanded
Muslim rulers unite many diverse
cultures
Arabs
Persians
Egyptians
Africans
Europeans
10.3 - Economy Advanced


Merchants were near the top of society (Muhammad was a
merchant)*
Built a massive trade route – camels, silk roads, ships*
 Asia
 Africa
 Europe
10.3 - Economy Advanced

Muslim’s pioneered new
business practices*




Partnerships*
Credit*
Formed banks*
Checks*
10.3 - Social Structure Improves


Social Mobility – changing of social class*
Improve their position through achievements:



Religious
Scholarly
Military
Muslim Empire Included
Greeks
Romans
Persians
Indians
Art, Literature, & Architecture



Muslim art displayed many different cultures
Religious - did not portray humans (Quran - no idols)*
Poetry (oral) was used to tell stories
Muslim Architecture


Mosque and Minarets decorated the skyline
Calligraphy decorated buildings (beautiful handwriting)*
10.4 India’s Muslim Empires
Focus: How did Muslim rule affect Indian
government and society?
10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

Muslims move into
Indian Empire around
1000

By the late 1100’s the
Sultan (Muslim Ruler)*:

Defeated Hindu armies
and claimed Delhi as his
capital
10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

Successors to the empire would rule what was known as the
Delhi sultanate (lands of the sultan)

Marked start of Muslim rule in India (1206 – 1526)
10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

Muslim advances lead to a blending of cultures

Persian

Arab

Turks
10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

Muslims and Hindus clash over:
 Text : Quran vs. Many texts

God/ Gods: Allah vs. Many gods/goddesses

Equality vs. Caste: Many Hindus converted to
Islam to due to:
-*equality (before God) in Islam

Text : Quran vs. Many

God/ Gods: Allah vs. Many
Equality vs. Caste
*Equality was appealing to Hindus
10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

Eventually Delhi
sultanate became
tolerant of Hindus


Even kept local
Rajahs - Hindu rulers
in place*
Accepted Hindus as
monotheistic
(Brahman)
10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

Mughal Empire Rises*


Mughal = Persian for Mongol*
Replace Delhi Sultanate (1526 - 1857)
10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

By 1707 The Mughal
Empire had
conquered most of
the Indian
Subcontinent

Led to the rise of
Akbar the Great 
10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

Akbar the Great was the
chief builder of the
Mughal Empire*



Created a strong
central government
Tolerant of Hindus
(married one)
Promoted Religious
harmony
10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

Akbar’s Grandson Shah
Jahan was also influential

While ruling the empire his
wife Mumtaz Mahal would
die:


She gave birth to 14
children and was only 39
He loved her dearly so he
built a monument (tomb)
in her honor…
10.4 India’s Muslim Empires

The Taj Mahal


Took 22,000 workers & 20 years
Greatest monument of Mughal Empire
10.5 – The Ottoman & Safavid Empires
Focus: What were the main characteristics of the Ottoman
and Safavid empires?

The Ottomans



Migrated into Asia Minor (Turkey)
Turkish-speaking nomads from Central Asia
Took Constantinople (Istanbul)


1453 becomes
Ottoman Capital
Used new war tech

the cannon
10.5 - The Ottoman and Safavid Empires

Suleiman the Magnificent
(1520 – 1566)

Great leader of the Ottoman
Empire*



Extended Ottoman Empire into
Middle East
Known as the lawgiver
 Laws based on the Sharia,
supplemented by royal edicts
Held absolute power
 Used a vizier, huge bureaucracy,
and powerful military
Ottoman Empire:
Hungary to Arabia & Mesopotamia, and
across North Africa
10.5 - Ottoman and Safavid Empires
Ottoman Culture

Organized social classes

Top: “Men of the sword”
(soldiers)*
 Muslim*

“Men of the pen” (scientists,
lawyers, judges, & poets)
 Muslim

“Men of negotiation”
(merchants, artisans)

Lowest: “Men of husbandry”
(farmers & herders: produce
food)*

Janizaries – elite forces
of the Ottoman army*
 Usually born to
Christian families but
converted to Islam
10.5 - Ottoman and Safavid Empires

Decline




Suleiman the Magnificent
dies in 1566
1700s - European
commerce and new war tech
are superior
Russia & other Europeans
take over landholdings
North Africa breaks away
from Ottoman control
10.5 – The Safavid Empire

Ruled in most of Modern day Iran

Between:



Ottomans - West
Mughal India - East
Shah (king) Abbas the Great

Centralized gov’t

Capital is Isfahan


Strengthened the economy
Safavid Empire decline


Death of Shah Abbas
Ottoman armies
10.5 – Safavid Empire