Bellringer
• Have out your study guide for the midterm with 1-27
completed and the Latin America Map!
• Using the map you completed for homework, answer
the following questions (you don’t have to write the
questions down) on a piece of paper titled: “Bellringer,
1/4/11”
▫ Name 4 countries that are a part of “Latin America”.
▫ What European nation owns most of the land in Latin
America?
▫ What did Touissant L’Ouverture do for the people of
Haiti? (think back to your Napoleon notes)
▫ What events were going on around the world that might
influence revolutions in Latin America? (Hint: think
about nationalism!)
• BJOTD: Why do bees have sticky hair?
Objectives
• The Students will know:
▫ The major figures and countries that achieved independence
from Europe in Latin America
▫ What Latin America is
▫ The colonial system implemented by the Europeans in Latin
America
• The Students will understand:
▫ The Enlightenment and other revolutions in France and
America helped to stimulate revolutions in Latin America.
• The Students will be able to:
▫ Analyze a political cartoon
▫ Use a map to answer questions
▫ Review for their midterm exam
Colonial Authority and Latin
American Revolutions
Winning Independence
• The American Revolution, French Revolution
and Enlightenment ideas encouraged the people
of Latin America to rise up against France,
Spain, and Portugal.
• Nationalism is occurring
▫ Strong pride in their country
▫ Sick of being ruled by a foreign country
• Ocurred in the late 1700s-1800
Who were they trying to get freedom
from and why?
• Wanted independence from the colonial powers
• The colonial powers (Spain, Portugal, and France)
were treating the Latin American people very poorly
• Colonial governments mirrored their home
movements
▫ Europeans on top, natives (Latin Americans) at the
bottom of the system
▫ Catholicism was forced upon the natives
▫ Europeans used the natives in slave-like roles to mine
precious metals (silver)
• Europeans used the major Latin American cities
as outposts of colonial authority.
▫ Cities: Havana, Mexico City, Lima, Sao Paulo,
Buenos Aires
▫ Conquistadors were made into viceroys or colonial
officers who controlled the cities and treated the
natives very poorly
Latin American Society
• 1st- Peninsulars – men born in
Spain (.1%)
• 2nd- Creoles- Spaniards born in
Latin America(22.8%)
• 3rd- Mestizos- European and Indian
descent (7.3%)
• 4th- Mulattos- European and African
descent (7.8%)
• 5th- Indians- (55.8%)
• Mestizos, Mulattos and Indians were
always discriminated against
• Creoles (native-borns) were educated
and traveled to Spain often. They did
not believe they were getting the same
rights as Spaniards. They followed
Enlightenment ideas
Peninsulars
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Indians
Processing
• What factors of life in the colonies could
lead to revolutions? (Name Two)
• What outside factors led to revolutions in
the Latin American colonies?
The Major Rebellions
• Haiti:
▫ Saint Domingue (Haiti)was a French Colony
▫ Toussaint L’Ouverture and 10, 000 slaves rose up
and freed slaves throughout the colony
 Defeated troops from Great Britain, France, and Spain
▫ On January 1, 1804 Haiti was declared an
independent colony
The Liberators End Spanish Rule
• Simon Bolivar and Jose San Martin were two
brilliant generals who were native to Latin
America
• Simon Bolivar declared Venezuela independent
from Spain in 1811, but fought for its freedom and
the freedom of Columbia until 1821.
• Jose de San Martin worked to free Argentina,
Chile, and Peru.
▫ He and Bolivar met in 1822, and they combined
their armies to defeat the Spanish
• Bolivar used the combined army to defeat the
Spanish completely at the Battle of Ayacucho in
1824
• Simón José Antonio de la Santísima
Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco de
Rodríguez
Mexico Ends Spanish Rule
• Started with Father Midel Hidalgo, a believer in
the Enlightenment
• Hidalgo led an army of 60,000 Indian and
Mestizo followers against the Spanish
▫ He died in 1811, but his work was carried on by
others
• 1821- the Central American states declared
independence
Brazil Freed from Portugal
• Portugal’s royal family fled to Brazil to
escape Napoleon during the
Peninsular War
• When Portugal’s monarchy was
restored in Europe, the creoles asked
Dom Pedro (the son of the King of
Portugal) to rule Brazil independently
from Portugal
• On September 7, 1822 Dom Pedro
declared Brazil independent. It was
the only bloodless revolution in Latin
America.
What was the U.S. Doing?
• President Monroe wrote a declaration
called The Monroe Doctrine in
1823.
▫ Latin American nations were
acknowledged to be independent.
▫ The United States would regard as a
threat to their own peace and safety
any attempt by European powers to
take over any independent state in the
Western Hemisphere
 Result: Europeans stay away from the
Americas