Challenge 19-4
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T what title would
you give the
following picture
A – Who is this
picture for?
C – Are there any
words or phrases?
O – Are there any
symbols? What do
you see? What are
the objects?
S – What is the
author trying to
get you to
believe,
understand?
Slavery was legal in
Texas and most of the
South – Southerners
believed it supported
the economy
 Most Northerners
opposed slavery.
They believed it was
immoral (wrong for
one to own another).
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Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, a machine that removed cotton
seeds from the fiber, made cotton very profitable. Created a
demand for slaves.
 Avg. price of slave = $600, if skilled = more than $2000
 Most could not afford slaves
 Slaves regarded as property; could be bought, sold, or rented
 Some treated slaves reasonably well, others were very cruel
(beatings, poor food, etc.)
 Usually 6-day work week with Sundays off; sunrise to sunset
workday
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Children born of slaves were slaves
Families torn apart by slave trade
Religion and music were key elements of culture; religion
offered comfort and hope; music allowed expression of
sorrow & hope for better life
Not many rebellions – fear of punishment to selves and
others
Resistance: 1) most TX runaways fled to Mexico, 2) work
slowly, 3) break or damage property
Harriet Beecher Stowe
wrote this book.
 It is about a slave named
Tom treated cruelly by a
brutal slaveholder, and a
slave woman named
Eliza escaping to
freedom on the
Underground Railroad.
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Stowe’s novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin had an impact on
the abolitionist movement leading up to the Civil
War.
In 1854, this act gave
the people of these
territories the right to
decide if they would
allow slavery (popular
sovereignty).
 It was supported by
most Southerners
and created more
division apart from
the North on this
issue.
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The idea that states have the right to limit the
power of the federal government.
Most Southerners (including Texans), favored
state’s rights.
Southerners believed the federal government
went beyond their power in trying to limit the
spread of slavery.
1857 Supreme Court
case where a slave
sued for his freedom
on the basis that he
lived in a free state.
 Court ruled that
slaves were not
citizens, and the case
was lost, angering
abolitionists.
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Secede: withdraw from the Union
Governor Sam Houston was a Unionist (did not want
to secede)
 Abraham Lincoln was elected U.S. President in
1860, further increasing the South’s desire to split
the nation.
 South Carolina was the 1st to secede. Other states
soon followed, including Texas (7th) forming the
Confederate States of America.
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Sam Houston refused to sign an oath to the
Confederacy and was removed from office as
governor of Texas
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Union Leader – Ulysses S. Grant
Confederate Leader – Robert E. Lee
Confederate President – Jefferson Davis
1st battle – Ft. Sumter
Costliest battle – Gettysburg
384 major battles (10,500 conflicts)
Lasted from April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865 (Lee
surrendered to Grant at the Appomattox
Court House)
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Confederate capital: Richmond, VA
U.S. said secession was illegal
South said they freely joined & could freely
leave
Advantage North – outnumbered South 4
to 1 in men of fighting age
Advantage North – controlled factories
and transportation
Advantage South – generals; know the
land
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Both sides believe war will be over in a matter
of months
Both sides call for volunteers
Men of fighting age: (18-45)
 North 4 million
 South 1 million
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Some Texans (Anglo, Black, and Mexican)
fought for the Union
Union blockade: shortage of supplies for
South (South used blockade runners)
Relied on Texas farms for corn & wheat to
feed Confed. army; also made uniforms
Went w/out coffee, sugar, paper, & other
items
The North had a higher
population, greater factory
production, more railroad
mileage, and more farmland
than the South.
 The South had higher cotton
production than the North.
 Which had more strengths?
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70,000 served in Confederacy
 Most serve in Texas
 Arkansas, Louisiana
 Some as far away as Virginia
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2,000 serve in Union
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Volunteers not sufficient
Both sides begin conscriptions (draft)
 Age limits change as war goes on
 (18-30) becomes (17-45)
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South (Confederacy)
 Exempt if own >15 slaves
 Can hire someone to take place
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Most live in Northern & Western part of TX
The “Great Hanging”
 Gainesville, TX
 1862, 150 unionist arrested for treason
 40 hanged
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Nueces Massacre
 1862, 65 neutral Germans try to leave TX
 20 die during clash with Confederates near
Nueces River
 9 executed
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Surrender at Appomotox
 Union General Ulysses S. Grant trapped Confederate General
Robert E. Lee at Petersburg, Virginia
 Union General William T. Sherman captured Atlanta, Georgia
 Grant accepted Lee’s surrender at the Appomtox Court
House on April 9, 1865
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Battle at Palmito Ranch
 Some Texas Confederates refused to give up the war
 On May 12, 1865, Union Colonel Theodore H. Barnett
attacked Confederate forces at Palmito Ranch
 The Confederates counterattacked, forcing Barret to retreat
 Despite this victory, the Texas Confederates received orders
to disband their armies
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June 19, 1865 Texas slaves finally got word
they were free
Word was brought by General Gordon
Granger of the Union Army
Celebrated as a state holiday
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UNION
 110,000 killed in battle (24%)
 225,000 die from disease
 $6 Billion
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CONFEDERACY
 94,000 killed in battle (23%)
 164,000 die from disease
 $2 Billion
Deaths in American Wars
 Civil War
618,000
 World War II
405,000
 World War I
112,000
 Vietnam War
58,000
 Korean War
54,000
 Mexican War
13,000
 Revolution
4,000
 Spanish-American War
2,000
 War of 1812
2,000
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Shot on April 14, 1865 at Ford’s Theater by
John Wilkes Booth
Died one day later
Booth shot and killed April 26
Causes
Effects
The constitution of 1866 meets
President Andrew Johnson’s
conditions.
Texas is allowed to rejoin the Union.
Congress dislikes the fact that
former Confederates regained power
in the South.
Congress puts military government in
the South and requires a new state
constitution.
The constitution of 1869 gives
African Americans the right to vote.
Texas is admitted back into the Union
in March 1870.
Texans dislike strong central
government.
Texans approve a new constitution in
1876, in which they limit the
governor’s power.
Black codes – laws passed by southern states that severely
limited the rights of freedmen
 How did black codes affect freedmen?
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 Black codes granted some rights. African Americans could marry
legally and own some property
 Black codes kept freedmen from gaining political and economic
power. They forbade freedmen to vote, own guns, or serve on
juries
 In some states, African Americans could work only as servants or
farm laborers. In others, they had to sign contracts for a year’s
work
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How did Congress react to black codes?
 Angered by black codes, Republicans charged that Johnson’s
lenient Reconstruction plan had encouraged the codes
 Republicans were also angered by southern white violence
against freedmen
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Economic Changes
 Cotton, wheat and corn production increased, due to
the expansion of the railroad
 Texans developed more industries, producing textiles,
iron, and other goods
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New Labor System
 The sharecropper system replaced the system of slave
labor after the Civil War
 Landowners assumed all the housing and production
costs in exchange for the sharecropper working the
land
 Sharecroppers gave half the value of their crop to the
landowner
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Cut the governor’s power to appoint officers
Limited elected leaders to two-year terms
Gave all males, including African Americans,
the right to vote
Required that voters approve any changes to
the constitution
Remains the basic law of Texas to this DAY
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


T _what title
would you give
the following
picture
A – Who is this
political
cartoon for?
C – Are there
any words or
phrases?
O – Are there
any symbols?
What do you
see?
S – What is the
author trying
to get you to
believe?
OUT
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



T _what title would you
give the following picture
A – Who is this political
cartoon for?
C – Are there any words or
phrases?
O – Are there any
symbols? What do you
see?
S – What is the author
trying to get you to
believe?
OUT
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


T _what title would you give the following picture
A – Who is this political cartoon for?
C – Are there any words or phrases?
O – Are there any symbols? What do you see?
S – What is the author trying to get you to believe?
Collection of Civil War Rifles
Spencer Repeating Rifle
Union
Confederate