The Industrial Revolution
• What is it? The increased output of
the machine-made goodstransformed how people did work
• When/Where: It began in England in
the mid-1700’s
• Soon spread to Continental Europe
and North America-Made possible by
the Agricultural Revolution
The Agricultural Revolution
• Wealthy landowners bought up small
farms- Enclosure Movement
• This enabled:
• Forced small land owners off their farms and they
moved to the cities
• Experimented with new agricultural processes
•
•
•
•
Jethro Tull-seed drill
Charles Townsend-crop rotation- 4 crop
Robert Bakewell-Selective breeding
Results in increase food productionincreased population
“Enclosed” Lands Today
Factors of Production
• Land, Labor and Wealth
• Land-(Natural resources)- source of
power, mineral resources-coal, iron
ore, river and ports for transportation
• Labor- (Human Resources)
population increases from
agricultural production, people in
cities
• Wealth-(Capital)Highly developed
banking, gave loans, expanding
economy
Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest
Transportation
Infrastructure
InventionTechnological Advances
• Textiles- Cloth (cotton, wool, linen)
• Each new invention leads to another
• All designed to make cloth more
quickly
• Eventually hand labor replaced by
power- first water then steam
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
Spinning Jenny
James Hargraves
Richard Arkwright:
“Pioneer of the Factory System”
The “Water Frame”
Spinning mule
Samuel Crompton
Edmund Cartwright
Power Loom
Eli Whitney-Cotton Gin &
Interchangeable Parts
Improvements in
Transportation
• Steam Engine- James Watt
• Steam Boat- Robert Fulton- The
Clermont
• First- very clumsy and expensive to
operate- but improved quickly
• Entrepreneur- Person who organizes
takes on the risk of business
• John McAdam- “paved roads”
Railroads
• After 1820- Railroads were the key
• George Stephenson-Rocket- 24
mph
• Made transportation cheaper and
faster, created new jobs increased
demand for coal and iron, people
more mobile, moved to cities,
growth of factories
James Watt’s Steam Engine
Steam Tractor
Steam Ship
An Early Steam Locomotive
Later Locomotives
British Pig Iron Production
Textile Factory
Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers
The Impact of the Railroad
Industrialization
Section 2
• Mixed Blessing- improved many
aspects of life, but caused many
problems
• Increased access to higher quality
clothes, food, new jobs, etc.
• Growth of factory system-led to
urbanization (move to cities)
Factory Production
) Concentrates production in one
place [materials, labor].
) Located near sources of power
[rather than labor or markets].
) Requires a lot of capital investment
[factory, machines, etc.] more
than skilled labor.
Problems of Industrialization
• Uncontrolled growth-no sanitary
plans, building codes, shortage of
housing, overcrowding, pollution,
disease, poor working conditions
• Average work-6 days per week, 14
hours per day, poor pay,
monotonous work, dangerousespecially coal mines
Child Labor in the Mines
Child
“hurriers”
Young Coal Miners
The Factory System
 Rigid schedule.
 12-14 hour day.
 Dangerous conditions.
 Mind-numbing monotony.
Textile Factory
Workers in England
Class Tensions
• Lots of working poor, but the
emergence of the middle-class
• Nouveau Riche –”New Money”
Factory owners, bankers,
merchants, skilled workers
• Later doctors, lawyers, managers
• Growing poor-unskilled workersreplaced by machines
• Luddites-Smashed machines
The Luddites: 1811-1816
Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in
Sherwood Forest]
19c Bourgeoisie:
The Industrial Nouveau Riche
Criticism of the New
Bourgeoisie
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
Industrialization
Effects of the Industrial
Revolution
• Created jobs, created wealth, foster
technological invention and progress,
increased the production of goods
and raised the “standard of living”
• Healthier diets, cheaper mass
produced clothing, created demand
for better education for new jobs
• Eventually led to labor unionsimproved lives of factory workers
Negative Effects
of Industrialization
• Dangerous and poor working
conditions
• pollution
• slums
• disease, lack of adequate medical
care.
• Child labor abuses
• Increasing class of working poor
Industrial Staffordshire
Problems of Polution
The Silent Highwayman - 1858
Early-19c London
by Gustave Dore
The New Industrial City
Worker Housing in Manchester
Factory Workers at Home
Workers Housing in Newcastle
Today
The Life of the New Urban
Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Industrialization Spreads
Section 3
• Britain-Favorable location,
geography, financial systems,
political stability, natural resources
• Spreads to other countries-USA
• USA-Water, land, people, resourcescoal, iron ore- also Blockade- War of
1812-became self-sufficient
• Britain- Forbid engineers, toolmakers,
mechanics to emmigrate
Industrialization
United States
• Samuel Slater
• 1789-Built spinning machine-thread
• Moses Brown- 1stFactory-Pawtucket
Rhode Island
Lowell Massachusetts
• Factory Town• women lived away
from home, the
factories built
dormitories and
factory-towns for the
women. These
factories also had all
parts of production
included in one
building. This is
called the “Lowell
System.”
Industrialization- U.S.
• Mostly in New England-but after the
Civil War (1861-1865) spreads to
rest of country
• Growth- resources, swelling urban
population (immigration), new
technologies-light bulb, telephone
• Growth of Railroads (transportationChicago, Minneapolis, St. Louis)
Big Business
• Need for large amounts of $railroads, steel, oil
• Start of the Corporation-owned by
stockholders share profits but not
responsible for its debts.
• JD Rockefeller-Standard Oil, Andrew
Carnegie- Carnegie Steel
Industrialization-Europe
• Between 1789-1815 Napoleonic
Wars interrupted industrialization in
Europe
• Belgium- William Cockerill & son
• Germany-railroads and steel
industries-quickly develops-copied
British
• Some countries limited by lack of
resources and natural barriers,
social problems
Worldwide impact
• Rise of Global Inequality-Industrialized vs.
non-industrialized
• Industrialized countries see nonindustrialized countries as a source of raw
materials and market for productsImperialism-extending power over another
country
• Transformation of society- increase in
population, urbanization, life expectancy,
wealth- not all equally shared
Share in World
Manufacturing Output:
1750-1900
Veterans Day
http://www.history.com/content/vete
ransday/veterans-day-video
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h?hl=en&resnum=0&q=tomb+of+un
known+soldier&um=1&ie=UTF8&ei=LtD6Sp_1KMLfnAeMlM2CDQ
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itle&resnum=10&ved=0CCIQqwQw
CQ#
Adam Smith
• “Laissez faire”-”let do”Government should stay
out of the economy
Adam Smith -Wealth of
Nations- economic
liberty= economic
progress, “Invisible hand
of self-interest”
Capitalism-economic
system private
ownership and profit
motive
Thomas Malthus
 Population growth will
outpace the food supply.
 War, disease, or famine
could control population.
 The poor should have
less children.
 Food supply will then keep
up with population.
David Ricardo
 “Iron Law of Wages.”
 When wages are high,
workers have more
children.
 More children create a
large labor surplus that
depresses wages.
The Utilitarians:
Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill
 The goal of society is the greatest good for
the greatest number.
 There is a role to play for government
intervention to provide some social safety
net.
Jeremy Bentham
The Socialists:
Utopians & Marxists
 People as a society would operate and own the
means of production, not individuals.
 Their goal was a society that benefited
everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
 Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].
Karl Marx
• In a higher phase of communist society...
only then can the narrow horizon of
bourgeois right be fully left behind and
society inscribe on its banners: from each
according to his ability, to each according
to his needs.
• Religion is the sigh of the oppressed
creature, the heart of a heartless world,
and the soul of soulless conditions. It is
the opium of the people.
Communism
• The theory of Communism may be
summed up in one sentence:
Abolish all private property.
• The worker of the world has
nothing to lose, but their chains,
workers of the world unite.
Labor Unions
• Collective Bargaining- negotiation
between workers and their
employers
• Reform Laws- Child labor/women
• Abolitionism/Women’s Rights,
Education
Other Reform Movements
• Abolition of Slavery
• England- 1833-Moral & Economic
threat
• Women’s Rights- Jane AddamsHull House, Suffrage Movement
• Education- Free public- Horace
Mann