Shaffer, Lynda. 1994. Southerinization. Journal of World History, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1-32.
Southernization: What is the term southernization refer to? What modern term in globalization is it analogous to?
When did it begin and when did if finally impact on Europe? What were the four main strands of Southernization
covered by Shaffer? When was southernization at the top of its game or zenith?
Cotton: What place became an important market for Indian cotton goods in the first century c.e.? How did it expand
over time? By the middle of the 18th century important was Indian cotton goods production? Does this sound similar to
modern day textile production? That is, what was the story of cotton textile production and trade during
southernization?
Gold: When India’s gold supply from Siberia was cut-off around 185 b.c.e. what did they do? Also in Africa what was
the story about gold and the monsoon winds?
Navigators: By 400 c.e. (also known as 400 a.d.) how far away could Malay sailors be found? Give some examples. Also,
where are the Straits of Malacca and why are they important? What was the lateen sail and why is it important? Who
was the first group to use the compass for navigation?
Spices: The so-called fine spices like cloves, nutmeg, and mace were produced only a few islands. What was the size of
the islands that produced nutmeg?
Sugar: Who first crystallized sugar and approximately when? Why was this a momentous development that was
important to international trade? Why were the Arabs the first to import large numbers of enslaved Africans? What
was the story of African slave trade and the introduction of sugar production into Iraq?
Technological Inventions: What invention did the Chinese need in order to find a direct route to the Spice
IslandsEnvironmental: What major environmental disaster (disease) was released as a result of Asian-European trade?
And how might it have occurred?
Rice: How did southernization effect rice production in China? What was the demographic impact?
Arab Civilization: Besides agricultural crops like cotton and sugar, what other important new thing followed the Arab
trading routes?
Mathematics: Where was “zero” invented? Why was it important?
Europe: When did Hindu or Indian numbers finally become important in Europe? ? What three technologies did
Francis Bacon identify that “changed to whole face and state of things throughout the world”? What kind of slaves
might have brought Chinese technology like printing, gunpowder, and the compass to Italy and Europe? What three
technological things did the Portuguese need in order to start their age of exploration/exploitation? How did Europe
finally manage to participate in the wealth of southern trade?
A Question for later in the quarter after we cover David Held’s schools of Globalization: Which of David Held’s schools
of globalization do you think this article best represents? Give some reasons/examples why you think this.