Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Key Terms List
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Aristotle
geocentric view
medieval universities
barometer
pendulum clock
Gresham College, England
Bacon
Descartes
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
“On the Revolutions of Heavenly
Spheres” – 1543
Pope Paul III
heliocentric view
anomaly
retrograde
epicycles
Ptolemy
Bible’s “Book of Genesis”
Luther and Calvin
Galileo
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
“three laws of planetary motion”
elliptical
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
“laws of motion”
acceleration experiment
“law of inertia”
telescope
Jupiter
heretical
“the inquisition of Pope Urban VII”
– 1633
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
empirical method or empiricism
inductive method
“Renounce notions and begin to
form an acquaintance with things.”
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1
scientific method
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
“Discourse on Method”
deductive reasoning
“cogito ergo sum”
“I think; therefore I am”
algebra and geometry
analytical geometry
Cartesian Dualism
modern scientific method
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
“principle of universal gravitation”
“Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy” – 1687; known
popularly as “Principia”
natural laws of motion
gravitation
anatomy, physiology, and biology
Greco-Roman
Galen – 2nd century CE
Vesalius – “The Structure of the
Human Body” – 1543
William Harvey (1578-1657)
“On the Movement of the Heart and
Blood” – 1628
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (16321723); “father of microscopy”
bacteria, yeast, corpuscles,
capillaries
Royal scientific societies
Royal Society – England
Naples
Prussia (Frederick the Great)
Russia (Peter the Great)
John Harrison’s chronometer –
longitude
agricultural revolution
natural science and reason
Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Key Terms List
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faith in reason rather than faith in
revelation
Deism
deistic Creator – cosmic clockmaker
“natural law”
“ghost in the machine”
Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)
John Locke (1632-1704)
“Two Treatises of Civil
Government” – 1690
state of nature
Hobbes – nasty and brutish
“natural rights”
life, liberty and property
“Essay Concerning Human
Understanding” – 1690
tabula rasa
Bernard de Fontenelle (1657-1757)
Pierre Bayle (1647-1706)
“Critical and Historical Dictionary”
– 1697
the “Philosophes”
Voltaire (1694-1778)
“crush the infamous thing”
“enlightened despotism”
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Catherine the Great of Russia
Joseph II of Austria
Napoleon of France
Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
“Spirit of the Laws” – 1748
“checks and balances”
parlements
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
“Social Contract” – 1762
“general will”
Robespierre
Romantic Movement
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2
“simpler state of nature”
“noble savage”
Emile (1762)
Denis Diderot (1713-1784)
“The Encyclopedia” – 1765
compendium
“Index of Forbidden Books”
Marquis di Beccaria – “On Crimes
and Punishment” – 1764
Francois Quesnay (1694-1774)
physiocrats
“laissez faire”
Adam Smith (1727-1790)
“Wealth of Nations” – 1776
salon movement
Madame de Geoffren
Madame de Stael
Louise de Warens
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
Hume and d’Holbach – atheistic
Baron Paul d’Holbach (1723-1789)
“System of Nature”
“determinism”
David Hume (1711-1776)
Jean de Concorcet (1743-1794)
“Progress of the Human Mind”
utopian
Rousseau
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
“categorical imperative” – intuitive
instinct
Classical Liberalism
French “Declaration of the Rights of
Man”
German pietism
Methodism
“born again”
John Wesley (1703-1791)
Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Key Terms List
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Jansenism
Fredrick the Great (Frederick II); (r.
1740-1786)
War of Austrian Succession (17401748)
Silesia
Pragmatic Sanction
Charles VIII
Maria Theresa
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Seven Years’ War
“Diplomatic Revolution of 1756”
Berlin
Russian Tsar Peter III
Catherine II
Treaty of Paris – 1763
“first servant of the state”
Codified and streamlined
serfs
bureaucracy
“Junkers” (Prussian nobility)
Catherine the Great (r.1762-1796)
Pugachev Rebellion – 1773
Eugene Pugachev
Cossack
serfdom
Ukraine (Ukrainian)
Russian Orthodox Church
“Old Believers”
3 Partitions of Poland (1772, 1793,
1795); Russia, Prussia, Austria
liberum veto
Crimea
Tartars
Caucasus region
Maria Theresa (r.1740-1780)
Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
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3
Archduchess of Austria; Queen of
Hungary and Bohemia
Joseph II
Hungarian nobility
Bohemian revolt
Jesuits
guilds
Joseph II (r.1780-1790)
co-regent
feudal dues
Leopold II