Welcome Back!!
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Unit 8 Dates
• Quiz – Friday 1/8
Over modules 37, 38, 40 41
• Summaries – Due 1/13 (Wed)
• Test – 1/14 - Thursday
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MOTIVATION
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eODV
WZhYGeI
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Aron Ralston
• Why would he do this?
• What were his motivations?
– Thirst and hunger
– Will to live
– Relationships with others
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Motivation
• A need or desire that energizes
behavior and directs it towards a goal.
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Four Perspectives on Motivation
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2.
3.
4.
Instinct Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Hierarchy of Needs
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1. Instincts
• Sometimes we can’t help our behavior
• Instincts – a complex behavior that is
rigidly patterned throughout a species and is
unlearned
• Infants have the rooting and sucking reflex
• Birds imprint
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2. Drive-Reduction Theory
Main idea: A physiological need
*creates an aroused tension state (a drive)
*that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
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Drive Reduction
• Homeostasis -The maintenance of a steady internal
state
• Controlling body temperature
• When you get cold…what does she do?
• Complain
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Incentives
• A positive or negative environmental stimulus that
motivates behavior
• Push or pull us to reduce our drives
A food-deprived person who smells baking bread
(incentive) feels a strong hunger drive.
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Why did….
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Beethoven write a symphony?
Da Vinci paint the Mona Lisa?
A hiker climb Everest?
A scientist find a polio vaccine?
Neil Armstrong want to go to the moon?
• Can you categorize these as instincts or drivereducing behaviors?
• What are they?
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3. Optimum Arousal Theory
• We are curious people! We want to be aroused!
• We seek optimum levels of arousal
• Young monkeys and children are known to explore
the environment in the absence of a need-based
drive.
Randy Faris/ Corbis
Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
• How “aroused” should we be?
• Moderate arousal leads to optimal
performance
• Difficult tasks?
• Easy tasks?
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If you were on a deserted island,
what would you look for…
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The first day?
The first week?
The first month?
The first year?
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4. Hierarchy of Needs
• Abraham Maslow (1970)
suggested that certain needs
have priority over others.
• Physiological needs like
breathing, thirst, and hunger
come before…
• Psychological needs such as
achievement, self-esteem,
and the need for recognition.
(1908-1970)
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Hierarchy of Needs
Joe Skipper/ Reuters/ Corbis
Mario Tama/ Getty Images
David Portnoy/ Getty Images for Stern
Menahem Kahana/ AFP/ Getty Images
Hurricane Survivors
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Does hunger really affect our
lives greatly?
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Summary
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The Physiology of Hunger
Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to
the brain making us aware of our hunger.
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Glucose: C6H12O6
• Our body automatically regulates our caloric intake
• Glucose – sugar in the blood that provides energy
• When it is low, we feel hungry
• Do you remember what part of the brain receives
messages about hunger?
– Hypothalamus
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Hypothalamic Centers
• Lateral hypothalamus brings on hunger
• When stimulated, rats began to eat
• Ventromedial hypothalamus depresses hunger
• When stimulated, rats stopped eating
• What do you think happened to this fellow?
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Do we have a set weight?
• Set point – the point at which an individual’s
“weight thermostat” is supposedly set
• When the body falls below this weight, an increase
in hunger and a lower metabolic rate may act to
restore lost weight
• Basal Metabolic Rate – the body’s resting rate of
energy expenditure
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Do different cultures like to eat
different things?
• Like what?
• How do Americans feel about dog, rat, and
horse meat?
• Why do we like sweet and salty things?
– Evolutionary
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Body Image (Women)
Western culture tends to place more emphasis
on a thin body image in comparison to other
cultures.
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Obesity
• A disorder characterized by being excessively
overweight.
• Obesity increases the risk for health issues like
cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension,
arthritis, and back problems.
http://www.cyberdiet.com
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Obesity Epidemic
• http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsourc
e/an-epidemic-of-obesity/
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Summary
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Food Inc
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Oq24h
ITFTY
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The Need to Belong
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3gNrkgwS6aM
20th Century Fox/ Dreamworks/ The Kobal Collection
“Cast Away,” Tom Hanks, suffers
from social starvation.
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Belongingness
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Aiding Survival: Social bonds increased survival rates
among ancestors
Wanting to Belong: The need to belong colors our thinking
and emotions.
Social Acceptance: A sense of belonging with others
increases our self-esteem. Social segregation decreases it.
Maintaining Relationships: We resist breaking social
bonds, even bad ones.
Ostracism: Social exclusion leads to demoralization,
depression, and at times nasty behavior.
Fortifying Health: People who tend to have close friends
are happier and healthier
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