Chapter 19
Not-for-Profit
Entities
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objective 19-1
Understand financial
reporting rules and make
basic journal entries for
private, not-for-profit
entities.
19-2
Types of Not-for-Profit Organizations
 Colleges and Universities
 Health Care Organizations
 Voluntary Health and Welfare
Organizations
 Certain (or “all other”) Nonprofit
Organizations
19-3
Excluded Entities
 The following entities are not NPOs
because they solely serve the economic
interests of their owners, members,
participants, or trust beneficiaries:

Credit unions and mutual banks

Employee benefit and pension plans

Mutual insurance companies

Farms and rural cooperatives

Trusts
19-4
Characteristics of NPOs
 No outside ownership interest
 A mission to provide services


To their users, patients, society as a
whole, or members
But NOT at a profit
 A dependence on significant levels of
contributions
 A significant level of assets that are
restricted as to use because of donor
stipulations
 Tax-exempt status. IRS Form 990, 990A, or 990PF
19-5
Dependence on Contributions and
Federal Funding
 Nonprofit religious, charitable, and
educational groups receive roughly $40
billion annually in federal government
grants.
19-6
Tax-Exempt Status
 Advantages to Tax-Exempt Status for U.S.
Income Tax Reporting Purposes (in most
states):

No state income tax

No local property taxes

No sales taxes on purchases
19-7
Tax-Exempt Status
 Private NPOs are exempt from U.S. income
taxes if the NPO:

Serves some common good.

Does not make an accounting profit.

Does not primarily benefit its own executives.

Does not function for political purposes.
19-8
Tax-Exempt Status
 IRS Audits of Tax-Exempt Groups:



Annually, the IRS audits approximately 11,000
of the 1.2 million tax-exempt groups.
The IRS assesses taxes & penalties
of over $100 million per year.
Such taxes are on business-related income
(which is taxable at the highest corporate rate).
19-9
Differences between NPOs and Businesses
 Revenues and support are often
compared to expenses. However,
remember that


Expenses are incurred to provide services
(rather than to generate revenues as in
commercial accounting).
The purpose of NPOs is not to maximize return
on an ownership interest.
ROE = Not Applicable
19-10
The Reporting Model: Private NPOs
 The reporting model

Focuses on the flow of all economic resources

Uses the accrual basis of accounting

Recognizes depreciation expense in the
operating statement
 The use of this reporting model reveals


The improvement or deterioration in the NPO’s
financial condition for the period, and
Is similar to the model used in the commercial
sector.
19-11
Who Makes the Rules for
Not-for-Profits Entities?
The accounting and
financial reporting for
governmental
nonprofit entities
GASB
Accounting and
financial reporting for
nongovernmental
nonprofit entities
FASB
19-12
Financial Reporting for Private,
Not-for-Profit Entities
 Private, not-for-profit entities must
report their net assets in accordance with
FAC 6.
 FAC 6 specifies three mutually exclusive
classes of net assets:

Unrestricted net assets

Temporarily restricted net assets

Permanently restricted net assets
19-13
Financial Reporting for Not-for-Profit Entities
ASC 958, “Accounting for Contributions Received
and Contributions Made,” provides guidance
specific to not-for-profit entities. It covers five
important accounting issues:
(1) depreciation,
(2) accounting for contributions,
(3) accounting for investments,
(4) financial display
(5) accounting for transfers of assets to a not-for-profit
organization that raises or holds contributions for
others.
19-14
Financial Reporting for Not-for-Profit Entities
 Some not-for-profit entities use a fund
structure to account for each type of net
asset class.
 Other not-for-profit entities maintain
only an accounting record to show the
amounts in each net asset class.

The specific identification of any restricted
asset must be made when the asset comes into
the entity, generally by donation or bequest.
19-15
Financial Reporting for Not-for-Profit Entities
 Mergers and acquisitions—Exposure drafts
 The proposed standards



Require the recognition of identifiable assets
acquired and liabilities assumed at their fair values
at the date of the acquisition
Require that intangible assets other than goodwill
and goodwill be assigned to reporting units that are
acquired
Approaches to evaluating goodwill impairment

Qualitative Evaluation Method

Fair-Value-Based Evaluation
19-16
Contributions: Scope of ASC 958
 ASC 958 guidance on contributions applies
to ALL 4 types of Private NPOs.
Health Care Organizations
ASC
958
Colleges and Universities
Voluntary Health and Welfare
Organizations
Certain Nonprofit Organizations
19-17
Contributions: Defined
 Contribution

An unconditional (no strings attached) transfer
of
1. Cash or
2. Other Assets


In a voluntary, nonreciprocal transfer.
By a person or entity acting other than as an
owner of the NPO
Examples of Other Assets: Equipment,
vehicles, land, and promises of cash.
19-18
Contributions: “Promises, Promises”
 “Unconditional transfers” include
“unconditional promises” to give cash or
other assets in the future.
 Promises may be

Oral or

Written
 Unconditional promises result in reporting
“Contributions Receivable” in the balance
sheet (subject to an allowance for
uncollectibles).
19-19
Contributions: Recognizing Unconditional
Promises
 Recognizing unconditional promises in
the financial statements requires

having sufficient evidence

in the form of verifiable documentation

that a promise was made
19-20
Contributions: “Conditional” Promises to Give
 Conditional promises



The conceptual opposite of unconditional
promises to give
Not contributions (as defined by ASC 958)
Depend on the occurrence of a specified future
and uncertain event that


Must occur to bind the promissor, and
Thus transform the promise from conditional to
unconditional status.
19-21
Contributions: “Conditional” Promises That
May Be Deemed “Unconditional”
 A conditional promise may be deemed
unconditional if:

“The possibility that the future event will not
be met [occur] is remote.”
Event not likely to occur =
Event likely to occur
=
Conditional
Unconditional
19-22
Contributions: “Conditional” Use of Assets
Received
 If assets have been received and the
retention and use of such assets is
conditional upon a future event that is
not likely to occur,


The offsetting credit is to a Refundable
Advance account (a liability)
Until the conditional event occurs.
19-23
Contributions: Manner of Reporting By
Category
 Contributions are reported in the
Statement of Activities (the operating
statement) by category

Unrestricted

Temporarily restricted

Permanently restricted
19-24
Contributions: Manner of Reporting By
Category
 Donor-restricted contributions whose
conditions are fulfilled in the same period
in which the contribution is recognized

May be reported in the unrestricted category of
the operating statement (O/S) if the entity:

Consistently follows this policy, and

Discloses this policy.
Note: This option negates the need to show
transfers between categories in the
Operating Statement.
19-25
Contributions: Endowments
 Endowments


A contribution that cannot be spent.
The unspendable amount is called the
principal—it is invested in perpetuity.
 Income on Endowments

Donor stipulations dictate the reporting
classification (unrestricted, temporarily
restricted or permanently restricted).
19-26
Contributions: Temporary Restrictions
Contributed Assets
that are restricted as to either
Purpose
or
are classified as
Time Period
Temporarily
Restricted
Assets
19-27
Contributions: Expirations of Restrictions
 Manner of Reporting Expirations
of Restrictions:


Where: In the statement of activities.
How: As a separate line item reclassification as
shown below.
Expirations of restrictions
Unrestricted
Temporarily
Restricted
$77,000
$(77,000)
19-28
Financial Statements: Scope of ASC 958
 ASC 958 guidance on financial
statements applies to ALL 4 types of
Private NPOs.
Health Care Organizations
ASC
958
Colleges and Universities
Voluntary Health and Welfare
Organizations
Certain Nonprofit Organizations
19-29
Financial Statements: ASC 958—The Basic
Requirements
 ASC 958 specifies:


What financial statements are to be presented.
What specific information, as a minimum, is to
be shown.
19-30
Financial Statements: Which Financial
Statements
 ASC 958 requires for the NPO as a whole:

A Statement of Financial Position

A Statement of Activities

A Statement of Cash Flows.
 VH&WOs must also report


In a separate statement
Expenses by Natural Classification in a matrix
format.
19-31
Financial Statements: The Three
Classifications of Net Assets
 The three mandated classifications of net
assets are:

Unrestricted.

Temporarily restricted.

Permanently restricted.
 Note that these are the same three
classifications used for reporting
contributions.
19-32
Contributions: Additional Issues
 Contributions of monetary and
nonmonetary assets are valued at the fair
value of the assets received.
 Determining the fair value may require

Obtaining quoted market prices.

Using independent appraisals.

Using other appropriate methods.
19-33
Contributions: Additional Issues
 Use of Present Value Procedures:


Can use for estimated future cash flows on
unconditional promises to contribute that are
expected to be collected over a period of longer
than one year.
If used, subsequent recognition of
the interest element is reported as contribution
income—not as interest income.
19-34
Contributions: Additional Issues
 Contributed Services

Recognize as revenues only if:


Nonfinancial assets are created or enhanced.
Specialized skills are provided by individuals
possessing these skills (e.g., carpenters, electricians,
plumbers, lawyers, CPAs).
 Required Disclosures for Contributed Services:

A description of the nature and extent

The amounts recognized as revenues

The programs or activities in which the services were
used
19-35
Contributions: Additional Issues
 Contributed Services:


Recognizable contributed services are usually
recorded as revenues at the fair value of the
services contributed.
Allowed alternative valuation method for the
creation or enhancement of nonfinancial assets:

May value at the fair value of
 the asset created or
 asset enhancement
19-36
Contributions: Additional Issues
 “Collection items” (the exception):



Consist of contributed works of art, historical
treasures, and similar assets.
Need not be recognized in the financial
statements if three conditions are satisfied [how
used, how cared for, and use of proceeds upon
sale].
Cannot be capitalized on a selective or arbitrary
basis.
19-37
Practice Quiz Question #1
How do not-for-profit entities differ from forprofit businesses:
a. Not for profit entities are prohibited from
charging more than cost for goods or
services provided while for-profit
businesses may include a mark up.
b. Both for-profit businesses and not-forprofit organizations are tax exempt.
c. Not-for-profit entities rely heavily on
contributions and grants while for-profit
businesses rely on profitable operations for
survival.
19-38
Learning Objective 19-2
Understand financial
reporting rules and make
basic journal entries for
not-for-profit colleges and
universities.
19-39
Colleges and Universities
 Special conventions of revenue and
expenditure recognition

Tuition and fee remissions/waivers and
uncollectible accounts


The full amount of the standard rate for tuition and
fees is recognized as revenue
Accounting for university-sponsored scholarships,
fellowships, tuition and fee remissions or waivers
depends on whether the recipient provides any
services to the university
19-40
Colleges and Universities
 Special conventions of revenue and
expenditure recognition

Tuition and fee reimbursements for
withdrawals from coursework


Accounted for as a reduction of revenue
Academic terms that span two fiscal periods


Accounted for as revenue in the fiscal year in which
the term is predominantly conducted, along with all
expenses incurred
NACUBO recommended the use of the accrual basis
of accounting
19-41
Colleges and Universities
 Board-designated funds


The board may designate unrestricted current
fund resources for specific purposes.
ASC 958 specifies that these funds may not be
reported as restricted net assets because only
external, donor-imposed restrictions can result
in restricted net assets.
19-42
Colleges and Universities
 Public colleges and universities




Accounting and reporting is specified by the
GASB.
GASB 35 requires that they follow the standards
for governmental entities as specified in GASB 34.
Most public institutions will be special-purpose
government entities engaged in only businesstype activities.
These entities present only the financial
statements required for enterprise funds and
then are included as component units of the state
government.
19-43
Colleges and Universities
 Private colleges and universities



The FASB specifies the accounting and financial
reporting standards.
The three financial statements required are:

The Statement of Financial Position

The Statement of Activities

The Statement of Cash Flows
They are free to select any account structure that
best serves their management and financial
reporting needs.
19-44
Colleges and Universities
Overview of the Accounting and Reporting of Colleges and Universities
19-45
Colleges and Universities
Overview of the Accounting and Reporting of Colleges and Universities
19-46
Practice Quiz Question #2
Which of the following statements accurately
describes differences between the accounting
public and private universities?
a. Both public and private universities follow
FASB rules.
b. Both public and private universities follow
GASB rules.
c. Public universities follow GASB rules while
private universities follow FASB rules.
d. Public universities follow FASB rules while
private universities follow GASB rules.
19-47
Learning Objective 19-3
Understand financial
reporting rules and make
basic journal entries for
not-for-profit health care
providers.
19-48
Health Care Providers
 Hospital accounting



Investor-owned hospitals provide the same
types of financial reports as commercial entities.
Not-for-profit hospitals present their financial
results using a specific format required by the
FASB.
Governmental hospitals follow the GASB’s
accounting and reporting requirements and are
considered special-purpose entities engaged in
business-type activities.
19-49
Health Care Providers
 Hospital fund structure


Although not required to do so, many hospitals
have used a fund accounting structure for
accounting purposes.
Operating activities are carried on in the general
fund, and a series of restricted funds can be used
to account for assets whose use has been
restricted by the donor.
19-50
Health Care Providers
Overview of the Hospital Accounting and Reporting
19-51
Health Care Providers
 Financial statements for a not-for-profit
hospital

Separate, not-for-profit hospitals issue four basic
financial statements

The Balance Sheet

The Statement of Operations

The Statement of Changes in Net Assets

The Statement of Cash Flows
19-52
Health Care Providers
 Not-for-profit hospital: The Balance Sheet

Presents the total assets, liabilities, and net
assets of the organization as a whole
 Major accounts


Receivables
Investments


Initially recorded at cost if purchased or at fair value
at the date of receipt if received as a gift
Plant assets

Property, plant, and equipment reported with any
accumulated depreciation
19-53
Health Care Providers
 Not-for-profit hospital: The Balance Sheet

Assets whose use is limited


Long-term debt


Separate disclosure should be made for assets that
have restrictions placed on their use
The hospital must also account for its long-term debt
and pay the principal and interest as it becomes due
Net Assets
1. Unrestricted net assets available
2. Temporarily restricted net assets available for use
3. Permanently restricted net assets
19-54
Health Care Providers
 Not-for-profit hospital: The Statement of
Operations




Also often termed “the statement of activities”
Includes the revenues, expenses, gains and
losses, and other transactions affecting the
unrestricted net assets during the period
Only general fund transactions are reported
Should report an operating performance
indicator
19-55
Health Care Providers
 Not-for-profit hospital: Major accounts in
The Statement of Operations

Net patient service revenue

Contractual adjustments

Income from ancillary programs

Interfund transfers

General fund expenses

Donations
19-56
Health Care Providers
 Not-for-profit hospital: The Statement of
Changes in Net Assets

It presents the changes in all three categories of
net assets

Unrestricted

Temporarily restricted

Permanently restricted
 Statement of Cash Flows

Its format is similar to that for commercial
entities
19-57
Health Care Providers
 Summary of hospital accounting and
financial reporting




Major operating activities take place in the
general fund.
The restricted funds are holding funds that
transfer resources to the general fund for
expenditures upon satisfaction of their
respective restrictions.
General fund uses the accrual basis of
accounting.
Patient services revenue is reported at gross
amounts measured at standard billing rates.
19-58
Health Care Providers
 Summary of hospital accounting and
financial reporting



A deduction for contractual adjustments is then
made to arrive at net patient services revenue.
Other revenue is recognized for ongoing
nonpatient services.
Charity care services are presented only in the
footnotes; no revenue is recognized for them.
19-59
Health Care Providers
 Summary of hospital accounting and
financial reporting




Operating expenses in the general fund include
depreciation, bad debts, and the value of recognized
donated services that are in support of the basic
services of the hospital.
Not all donated services are recognized.
Donated property and equipment are typically recorded
in a restricted fund until placed into service, at which
time they are transferred to the general fund.
Donated assets are recorded at fair values at the date of
gift.
19-60
Practice Quiz Question #3
Which of the following is false with respect
to not-for-profit hospital accounting?
a. Not-for-profit hospitals follow FASB rules.
b. Not-for-profit hospitals usually use fund
accounting.
c. Not-for-profit hospitals do not prepare a
statement of cash flows.
d. The general fund of not-for-profit
hospitals uses the accrual basis of
accounting.
19-61
Learning Objective 19-4
Understand financial reporting
rules and make basic journal
entries for not-for-profit
voluntary health and welfare
organizations.
19-62
Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations
 Voluntary health and welfare
organizations (VH&WOs) provide a
variety of social services



They solicit funds from the community at large
and typically provide their services for no fee.
VH&WOs are typically audited.
The federal government normally provides them
tax-exempt status.
19-63
Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations
 Accounting for a VH&WO



Similar to other not-for-profit organizations
except for special financial statements that
report on the important aspects of VH&WOs.
The accrual basis of accounting is required.
VH&WOs have been free to use fund accounting
in their accounting and reporting processes.
19-64
Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations
 Financial statements for a VH&WO

Statement of Financial Position

Statement of Activities

Statement of Cash Flows

Statement of Functional Expenses
 The statements are designed primarily
for those who are interested in the
organization as “outsiders.”
19-65
Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations
 The Statement of financial position for a
VH&WO

Major balance sheet accounts:

Pledges from donors

Investments

Land, buildings, and equipment

Liabilities

Net assets
19-66
Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations
 Statement of activities

The overall structure of the statement of
activities for voluntary health and welfare
organizations and other not-for-profit entities
should be very similar as a result of ASC 958.
19-67
Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations
 Statement of activities

Public support


Revenues


The primary source of funds is likely to be
contributions from individuals or organizations that
do not derive any direct benefit from the VH&WO for
their gifts.
Funds received in exchange for services provided or
other activities
Gains

Gain or loss on sale of investments and other assets
19-68
Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations
 Statement of activities

Donated materials and services


Expenses


Should be recorded at fair value when received
Information about the major costs of providing
services to the public, fund-raising, and general and
administrative costs
Costs of informational materials that include
a fund-raising appeal

Many VH&WOs prefer to classify such costs as
program rather than fund-raising
19-69
Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations
 Statement of Cash Flows

The format of this statement is similar to that for
hospitals.
 Statement of Functional Expenses

Details the items reported in the expenses
section of the statement of activities
19-70
Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations
 Summary of Accounting and Financial
Reporting for VH&WOs



Reporting requirements are specified in ASC 958
and the AICPA Audit and Accounting Guide for
Not-for-Profit Organizations.
The accrual basis of accounting is used.
Primary activities are reported in the
unrestricted asset class.
19-71
Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations
 Summary of Accounting and Financial
Reporting for VH&WOs


Resources restricted by the donor for specific
operating purposes or future periods are
reported as temporarily restricted assets.
Assets contributed by the donor with permanent
restrictions are reported as permanently
restricted assets.
19-72
Practice Quiz Question #4
Which of the following is false with respect
to the accounting for voluntary health and
welfare organizations?
a. VH&WOs solicit funds from the
community and typically provide their
services for no fee.
b. VH&WOs use the modified accrual basis
of accounting.
c. VH&WOs must provide a statement of
cash flows.
d. VH&WOs primary activities are
reported in the unrestricted asset class.
19-73
Learning Objective 19-5
Understand financial reporting
rules and make basic journal
entries for other
not-for-profit organizations.
19-74
Other Not-for-Profit Entities
Examples of other not-for-profit organizations
(ONPOs):










Cemetery organizations
Civic organizations
Fraternal organizations
Labor unions
Libraries
Museums
Other cultural institutions
Performing arts
organizations
Political parties
Private and community
foundations








Private elementary and
secondary schools
Professional associations
Public broadcasting stations
Religious organizations
Research and scientific
organizations
Social and country clubs
Trade associations
Zoological and botanical
societies
19-75
Other Not-for-Profit Entities
 Accounting for ONPOs


In addition to ASC 958, the AICPA Audit Guide
for Not-for-Profit Organizations provides
guidance for accounting and financial reporting
standards.
While accrual accounting is required for all
ONPOs, some small organizations operate on a
cash basis during the year and convert to an
accrual basis at year-end.
19-76
Other Not-for-Profit Entities
 Accounting for ONPOs


With the adoption of ASC 958, the procedures
used by ONPOs and VH&WOs may move away
from the traditional funds used.
They may account for all transactions in a single
entity or by establishing separate accounts for
unrestricted, temporarily restricted, and
permanently restricted net assets.
19-77
Other Not-for-Profit Entities
 Financial Statements of ONPOs




Explains how the available resources have been used to
carry out activities.
They should disclose the nature and source of the
resources acquired, any restrictions on the resources,
and the principal programs and their costs.
They should also provide information on the ability to
continue to carry out objectives.
ASC 958 requires
1. A Statement of Financial Position
2. A Statement of Activities, and
3. A Statement of Cash Flows
19-78
Other Not-for-Profit Entities
 Summary of Accounting and Financial
Reporting




Accounting is similar to that for VH&WOs.
The accrual basis of accounting is used when a large
number of programs or a number of very different types
of programs are part of the operations.
It may be desirable to prepare a statement of expenses
by functional area or major program as well.
As a result of ASC 958, the reporting requirements of
ONPOs are substantially the same as VH&WOs.
19-79
Practice Quiz Question #5
Which of the following is false with respect to
the accounting other not-for-profit
organizations?
a. While accrual accounting is required for all
ONPOs, some small organizations operate on
a cash basis during the year and convert to an
accrual basis at year-end.
b. Accounting is similar to that for VH&WOs.
c. ONPOs may account for all transactions in a
single entity or by establishing separate
accounts for unrestricted, temporarily, and
permanently restricted net assets
d. ONPOs follow GASB rules.
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Conclusion
The End
19-81