Animal/Dairy Science 434
Lec 2:
Female comparative anatomy;
History of Reproductive Physiology
Kangaroo
Rat
Human
Ovarian Differences
Mare
Cow
Sow
Cow
Sow
Cow, Sow, Ewe, Human
• Cortex on outside
• Ovulation can occur on
any point of the ovary
Mare
• Inversion of the cortex and
medulla.
• Ovulation occurs at the
Ovulation Fossa
Preovulatory
Tertiary
Follicle
Internal
CL
Mare
Blood vessels
and connective
tissue in medulla
Uterine and Cervical
Differences
Sow
Cow
Mare
Advanced Duplex
(Opossum)
Duplex
(Rabbit, Mouse)
Two Uterine
Horns
Two Cervices
Bicornuate
(Pig)
Two Uterine
Horns
Two Uterine
Horns (long)
Two Cervices
One Vagina
Common
Uterine Body
One Cervix
Two Vaginas
One Vagina
Smaller
Uterine Horns
Bicornuate
(Cow, Ewe, Doe)
No Uterine
Horn, All
Uterine
Body
Simplex
(Human)
Larger Uterine
Body with Smaller
Uterine Horns
Bicornuate
(Mare)
Human Tract
Human Tract
Mare
SOW
Uterine Body
Uterine Body
Longitudinal
Folds
There are no
obstacles in the
mare after the
fornix vagina
Cervix
Cervix
Sow cervix
has many
interdigitating
pads
Note:
Sow does
not have
fornix
vagina
Os Cervix
Os Cervix
Fornix Vagina
Vagina
Vagina
Cervix
COW
Internal Os
Cervical Ring
Cervical Ring
Fornix
Fornix
External Os
Anterior Vagina
EWE
Fornix
Anterior Vagina
Cervix
Cervica
l
Folds
FV
IP
Sow
Mare
External Genitalia
Mare
Cow
Sow
Ewe
Human Tract
External Genitalia
Vagin
a
Anterior Vagina
Posterior Vagina (Vestibule)
Cervix
Fornix
Columnar
Epithelium
Urethra
Stratified
Squamous
Epithelium
VulvaVaginal
Sphincter
Mucosa
Submucosa
Submucosa
Avian
Female
Anatomy
Ovary
Infundibulum
perivitelline
membrane
chalazae
albumen
Magnum
Oviduct
shell membrane
Isthmus
Uterus
Shell Gland
Intestine
Right
Oviduct
cleaving blastodisc
vagina
shell
cloaca
Left side of Reproductive Tract Develops!!
Chicken Ovary
Hierarchical
Follicular Status
Chicken Tract
Shell Gland
Oviduct
Ovary
Historical Development of
Reproductive Physiology
Aristotle 384-322 BC • Fetus arises from
Generation
of Animals
menstrual blood
• Seminal plasma initiates
the conversion of
menstrual blood
• Semen from all parts of
body
Historical Development of
Reproductive Physiology
• Fallopius (1562)
– Describes the oviduct
• Coiter (1573)
– Describes the corpus luteum
• Regnier de Graff (1672)
– Describes the antral follicle (Graafian
Follicle)
• van Leewenhoek (1677)
– Develops the microscope
– Describes spermatozoa in semen
Historical Development of
Reproductive Physiology
• Spallanzani (1780)
– Sperm were the fertilizing agent in semen
– Successful artificial insemination of a dog
• Dumas (1825)
– Proves sperm the fertilizing agent
Modern Reprod. Physiology
•
•
•
•
•
•
Gonads produce steroid hormones
Cyclicity in females
Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
Artificial Insemination
Semen Cryopreservation
Prostaglandin used to control estrous
cycles
• Biotechnology
Approach to Applications
• Develop basic knowledge of how
system works
• Investigate methods that can perturb
the system
• Manipulate the system to improve
reproduction
Enhancing Reproduction
• Small improvements have profound
effects on production
– 3% improvement in birth rate results in
an additional:
• 1 million beef calves/year
• 3.2 million pigs/year
• 3.7 million gallons of milk/year
Current Trends
Metabolic
and
Production
Physiologic
Changes
Reproduction
• Continuing need to:
– improve reproductive performance
– understand how to apply new technology
Limiting Reproduction
Insects
Humans
Wildlife
Pets