A New Industrial Age

Section 1

Inventor and Year
Inventions (Describe
How it Works)
Effects

Inventor and Year
Edwin L. Drake
1859
Inventions (Describe
How it Works)
Used a steam engine to drill for oil
Effects of the Invention
Henry Bessemer and William
Kelly
1850
Christopher Sholes
1867
Bessemer Process – injects air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities
Typewriter
Alexander Graham Bell and
Thomas Watson
1876
Telephone
Thomas Alva Edison
1880
Incandescent Light Bulb
Research laboratory used for creating safer and inexpensive innovations in electricity

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Which invention or development in the section had the greatest impact on society?
Justify your choice with at least THREE facts/reasons.
Think About:
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The applications of these inventions
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The impact of inventions on people’s daily lives
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The effect of inventions on the work place

Section 2

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3 Groups
Plaintiff (railroad companies)
Defense (Grangers)
Supreme Court Justices
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Each group will conduct research on this case and their group’s stance on the issue.
The first two groups will conduct an argument for their side based on the facts.
The Supreme Court group will vote based on the arguments (and evidence) presented by the plaintiff and defense.

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Represent the railroad companies threatened by the
Grange.
Research Granger Laws and your limitations from them.
Support with constitutional evidence.
A hard copy of the argument will be turned into me.
Every member must contribute at least 3 points to the argument (specify on the info sheet who did what)

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Represent the Grangers
Research Granger Laws and your reasons behind them.
Support with constitutional evidence.
A hard copy of the argument will be turned into me.
Every member must contribute at least 3 points to the argument (specify on the info sheet who did what)

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Research the Constitution. Your job is to interpret the constitutionality of the Granger Laws.
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Research the actual justices serving at this time. Think about
Political affiliation
Platforms at the time
Conduct a general background of the Granger Laws.
Remain objective and base your decision on the arguments.
Research the opinion and dissent from the actual case document (94 U.S. 113 (1876))
Each side must explain their reasoning behind the vote.

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Farmer upset with railroads
Fixed pricing
Various rates
Misuse of grants
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State legislators passed The Granger Laws
“to establish a maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibit discrimination”
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Munn v. Illinois: railroads fought the constitutionality of the
Granger Laws
Supreme court upheld

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Supreme court ruled that a state could not set rates on interstate commerce.
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Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act
Interstate commerce commission established
Difficulty regulating due to fight from R.R.s
Could not set maximum rates
Panic of 1893 caused many R.R.s to go bankrupt
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2/3 will be controlled by seven powerful companies
J.P. Morgan and Co.

Section 3

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Vertical Integration: a company buys out their suppliers
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Horizontal Integration: a company buys out, or merges with, its competitors

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Monopoly: a complete control over an industry’s production quality, price, and wages
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Merger: the combination of two or more companies
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Holding Company: a company that does nothing but buy out the stock of other companies
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Trusts: a large corporation, made up of many companies, receive dividends on profits earned by all companies combined

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Developed from Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution
(On the Origin of Species)
Survival of the fittest
Species evolve and adapt to their surroundings
Natural selection weeds out the weaker species
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Applied to society
Used to justify laissez faire economics (gov. should leave society alone to work out its own problems)
Success and failure in business are governed by natural law
(gov. shouldn’t interfere)
Riches were a sign of God’s grace and the poor must be lazy or inferior

Andrew Carnegie
J.P. Morgan
John D. Rockefeller

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Answer the following questions each titan.
What company did they own?
What industry(s) were they involved in?
Which business strategies did they use and how?
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Trusts
Horizontal integration
Vertical integration
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Holding companies
How did they spend their money?
Answer each of these in the form of a Venn Diagram.

Morgan
Carnegie
Rockefeller

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The industrialists managed to give millions away to charity.

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Long work weeks and days
No benefits
Dirty, poor ventilation
Accidents and injuries common
Repetitive work
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Low wages
Everyone had to work in lower income families

Workers in a Birmingham button factory circa 1909

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What message do the images and slogans included in the poster convey to you?
What do you find most persuasive about this poster? Why?
Why do you think IWW posters were often called
“silent agitators”?

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Small, local unions since late 1700s
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First large scale was the National Labor Union (NLU) in
1866
Lead to legalization of an 8-hour work day
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Problems
Short work day for gov. workers
Segregation
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Knights of Labor
Strikes as last resort
Equality

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Craft Unions
Skilled workers from trades
Began by Samuel Gompers
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American Federation of
Labor formed
Used collective bargaining to negotiate hours, conditions, and wages
Strikes gained higher wages and shorter work weeks.
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Industrial Unions
All skilled laborers
Eugene V. Debs – began an industrial union (ARU)
Used strike to gain higher wages
Failure of future strikes

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Socialism – an economic and political system based on government control of business and property and equal distribution of wealth
Would result in the overthrow of capitalism
Extreme form = communism (Karl Marx)
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Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Radical unionists and socialists
Open to African-Americans
One major strike victory

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Many of the strikes turned violent
Great Strike of 1877
The Haymarket Affair
The Homestead Strike
Pullman Company Strike

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Title of paper
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Title of article
Date (which it happened)
Author
Article (which will include the following information)
What began the strike conditions of the workers who was involved (unions, law enforcement, etc) events of the strike reactions of public spectators length-as long as it takes to include all required information.
http://www.fodey.com/generators/ne wspaper/snippet.asp
(posted on my website)

Review: In developing your answers to extended responses, be sure to keep these general definitions in mind: a) discuss means “to make observations about something b) c) d) using facts, reasoning, and arguments; to present in some detail” describe means “to illustrate something in words or tell about it” evaluate means “to examine and judge the significance, worth, or condition of; to determine the value of” show means “to point out; to set forth clearly a position or idea by stating it an giving data which support it”