Microprocessors
Chapter 1
powered by dj
1
Objectives
 Discuss the working of microprocessor
 Discuss the various interfaces of microprocessor
 List the types of microprocessors
 Discuss the evolution of microprocessors
 List the different microprocessor designs
 Install the microprocessor
 Configure the microprocessor for overclocking
 Upgrade the microprocessor
 Identify the problems related to microprocessor
Chapter 1
Slide 2 of 66
powered by dj
2
Microprocessor
 Is a chip
 Has transistors built into it
 Has cache to store information
Chapter 1
Slide 3 of 66
powered by dj
3
Working of the Microprocessor
 Accepts data
 Processes data
 Stores data
 Sends output data
Chapter 1
Slide 4 of 66
powered by dj
4
Speed of Microprocessor
Depends on number of instructions it
processes
Bandwidth (32/64 bit)
Clock speed (GHz)
Number of transistors built into it
Chapter 1
Slide 5 of 66
powered by dj
5
Multitasking/Multiprocessing
 Multitasking means the processor time is divided into no.
of tasks
 Enables the processor to run multiple program
simultaneously
 Reduces the processor idle time
 Multiprocessing means parallel processing used for
simultaneously running more than one process by multiple
processing units
 Each processing unit runs independently and may or may
not have individual cache memory
 Most effective when used with application software
Chapter 1
Slide 6 of 66
powered by dj
6
Question for GD
Time Limit – 5 Mins
What is multitasking and multiprocessing?
Chapter 1
Slide 7 of 66
powered by dj
7
Interface of Microprocessor
Explain different types of bus.
Steps followed by the microprocessor to
interface with a device:
• Checks the status of the device.
• Requests the device for transferring data.
• The device sends the data request to the
microprocessor.
• The microprocessor sends the required data to
the device.
Chapter 1
Slide 8 of 66
powered by dj
8
FSB/BSB
 FSB interfaces between the L2 cache on processor
to the north bridge of motherboard
 Also known as system bus or memory bus
 Speed at which CPU communicates with RAM
 BSB interfaces between L1 cache on processor
with L2 cache
 BSB is faster than FSB
Chapter 1
Slide 9 of 66
powered by dj
9
Operating Voltage of Microprocessor
 Lowering the operating voltage decreases the
power consumption
 Less power consumption, system is less expensive
to run and more battery life
 Less voltage of the equipment generates less heat
 Processors that run cooler give better performance
 Operating voltage range is 1.2 to 2.5V
Chapter 1
Slide 10 of 66
powered by dj
10
Practical
 Perform the activity mentioned in Lab no.
1 in the text book:
•
To know different specifications of a
processor.
Chapter 1
Slide 11 of 66
powered by dj
11
Types of microprocessor - I
 Based on the number of instructions built into
it, they can be classified as:
• Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) –
Many instructions built into it which saves
processing time for performing tasks otherwise it
has to be retrieved from RAM.
• However it affects the performance of the
microprocessor because more time is taken to
process the instruction and also the space
available on the microprocessor for processing
reduces.
Chapter 1
Slide 12 of 66
powered by dj
12
Types of microprocessor - II
Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC)
– Have limited instructions built into it which
requires few transistors to be built into the
microprocessor.
 Saves the space in the microprocessor and
cheaper as compared to CISC processor.
 This processor is favorable for scientific
purposes where limited instructions are
required
Chapter 1
Slide 13 of 66
powered by dj
13
Question for GD
Time Limit – 2 Mins
What is the difference between CISC and
RISC based processor and what is the
application of CISC and RISC based
processor?
Chapter 1
Slide 14 of 66
powered by dj
14
Microprocessors Timeline
Chapter 1
Slide 15 of 66
powered by dj
15
Intel Pentium Microprocessor
 Designed to work with everyday applications
•
•
•
•
Word processors
Spreadsheets
Multimedia applications
Games
 Versions
•
•
•
•
Pentium I
Pentium II
Pentium III
Pentium IV
Chapter 1
Slide 16 of 66
powered by dj
16
Pentium I
Released in 1993
First chip from the fifth generation of
microprocessors
Has a 5-stage data pipeline for executing
instructions to perform multiple calculations
simultaneously
Chapter 1
Slide 17 of 66
powered by dj
17
Pentium II
Released in 1997
Available on a daughter card that has L2
cache
Has a 14-stage data pipeline for executing
instructions
Chapter 1
Slide 18 of 66
powered by dj
18
Pentium III
Released in 1999
Has a unique Processor Serial Number
(PSN) embedded in the chip
Has a 10-stage data pipeline for executing
instructions
Has 70 more instructions built into it which
enhances
processing
of
graphical
information
Chapter 1
Slide 19 of 66
powered by dj
19
Pentium IV
 Released in 2000
 Enables
to
work
with
applications that require a lot of
processing such as digital
photography
 Has a 20-stage data pipeline for
executing instructions
 Also available in the following
editions:
• Hyper-Threading (HT)
• HT Extreme
Chapter 1
Slide 20 of 66
powered by dj
20
Intel Celeron
Cheaper and economical
Used for running applications that do not
require a lot of processing
Smaller cache size, clock speed and bus
speed is also less
Celeron D processor has 256 KB L2 cache,
533 MHz FSB and uses LGA775 socket
Chapter 1
Slide 21 of 66
powered by dj
21
Hyper Threading (HT)
 Developed by Intel, hyper threading enables a
single processor to work as two logically different
processors.
 A single code of execution is known as thread.
 In HT technology two threads from different
programs can be executed by the processor at a
time.
 This technology works only when two processes
with high requirement are running, such as a video
editing tool and an antivirus.
Chapter 1
Slide 22 of 66
powered by dj
22
Intel’s New Features
 Speed Step Technology – Known as
Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST)
which allows the system to dynamically adjust
processor voltage and core frequency.
 Execute Disable Bit - An Intel hardwarebased security feature that can help reduce
system exposure to viruses and malicious code.
Chapter 1
Slide 23 of 66
powered by dj
23
Intel Core2Duo
 Deliver faster performance, greater energy
efficiency, and more responsive multitasking.
 Processors built with Intel's unique 45nm
technology offer excellent performance as well as
unique energy-saving features that help PCs meet
ENERGY STAR requirements.
 Get the best overall performance with Intel Core2
Duo processor which includes up to 6MB of
shared L2 cache and up to 1333 MHz FSB.
Chapter 1
Slide 24 of 66
powered by dj
24
Difference between Dual Core &
Core2Duo - I
 Dual core is simply a generic term referring to any
processor package with two physical CPUs in one.
 Pentium D is simply two Pentium 4 Prescott cpus
inefficiently paired together and ran as dual core.
 Core Duo is Intel's first generation dual core
processor based upon the Pentium M made
mostly for laptops and is much more efficiently
than Pentium D. Intel Dual Core Processors are
just launched striped down version of Core 2
Duos.
Chapter 1
Slide 25 of 66
powered by dj
25
Difference between Dual Core &
Core2Duo - II
 The Core 2 Duo is Intel's second generation (hence, Core
2) processor made for desktops and laptops designed from
the ground up to be fast while not consuming nearly as
much power as previous CPUs. The Core 2 Duo has two
cores inside a single physical package.
 Actual Difference between both Process is about Load
Balancing. DUAL CORE have two Processors in Series
both working at same time. while CORE 2 DUO have two
Parallel Processors which share the load. If one processor
heats up then it transfers load to next processor.
Chapter 1
Slide 26 of 66
powered by dj
26
Intel Core2Quad
 Latest four-core Intel Core 2 Quad processors are built
on 45nm Intel Core microarchitecture enabling faster,
cooler, and quieter desktop PC and workstation
experiences.
 With optional Intel vPro technology, you have the
ability to remotely isolate, diagnose, and repair
infected desktop and mobile workstations wirelessly
even if the PC is off, or the OS is unresponsive.
 With four processing cores, up to 12MB of shared L2
cache and 1333 MHz Front Side Bus.
Chapter 1
Slide 27 of 66
powered by dj
27
Intel Centrino Mobile Technology
Released in the year 2003
Uses the SSE instruction set
Has 2 MB L2 cache and supports USB 2.0
The components that constitute this
technology are:
• Intel Pentium M Processor
• Intel 855 chipset family
• Intel PRO/Wireless 2100 Network connection
Chapter 1
Slide 28 of 66
powered by dj
28
Intel Pentium M
Small in size
Consumes less energy and prolongs the
battery life
Used in
• Laptops
• Notebook computers
Chapter 1
Slide 29 of 66
powered by dj
29
Intel Atom
 Intel's smallest processor, built with the world's
smallest transistors and manufactured on Intel's
industry-leading 45nm technology.
 Was purpose-built for simple, affordable,
netbooks and nettops.
 Targeted performance for a good online
experience.
 They are rugged and compact in design, and offer
the freedom and flexibility of wireless
connectivity.
Chapter 1
Slide 30 of 66
powered by dj
30
Intel’s Nehalem Architecture
Includes a four core design with two
separate QPI (Quick Path Interconnect)
links and large L3 cache in relation to the
rest of the chip.
Now with the Nehalem design, Intel can
easily create a range of processors from 1
core to 8 cores depending on the application
and market demands.
Chapter 1
Slide 31 of 66
powered by dj
31
Core i3 Processor
Supports hyper threading technology.
Include three models for desktop
processors: i3-530, i3-540 and i3-550.
Speed of these four models ranges from
2.93 GHz to 3.2 GHz.
Consist of two cores with four threads.
Includes 4MB of Intel smart cache and
based on 32nm microarchitecture.
Chapter 1
Slide 32 of 66
powered by dj
32
Core i5/i7 Processor
 Core i5 processor includes turbo boost technology,
which enables processor to adjust with user’s
computing need.
 Speed of core i5 processor models ranges from 1.06
GHz to 3.46 GHz which includes 4MB and 8MB
smart cache.
 Intel’s Core i7 processors include a new processor,
new CPU socket, new memory architecture, new
chipset, new motherboards and new over clocking
methods.
Chapter 1
Slide 33 of 66
powered by dj
33
New Intel Features - I
 Intel turbo boost technology - Allows processor
cores to run faster than the base operating
frequency if it's operating below power, current,
and temperature specification limits.
 Smart cache - A multi-core optimized cache that
significantly reduces latency to frequently used
data, thus improving performance and efficiency
Chapter 1
Slide 34 of 66
powered by dj
34
New Intel Features - II
 Virtualization - Virtualization is a technology used to
run multiple virtual machines on a single physical
machine. Each virtual machine running on a single
physical machine sharing the resources of the same
machine which reduces the power and cooling
requirements.
 Intel 64 Technology - Intel 64 technology allows the
processor to run newly written 64 bit code and allows
to access large amount of memory.
• Used in Pentium 4, Pentium D, Core 2 processors, core i3, i5
and i7 processors etc.
Chapter 1
Slide 35 of 66
powered by dj
35
Group Activity Time Limit – 5 Mins
Draw a window pane on different types of
processor covered so far.
Chapter 1
Slide 36 of 66
powered by dj
36
Intel Xeon
Heavy-duty microprocessors
Used to power servers and workstations on a
network
Supports multiprocessors
Chapter 1
Slide 37 of 66
powered by dj
37
Intel Itanium
 Used to power network servers
and workstations
 Can execute three instructions
at a time
 Is a Reduced Instruction Set
Computing (RISC) based
microprocessor
 Cost is more than Xeon
processors
 Used in database and e-mail
servers
Chapter 1
Slide 38 of 66
powered by dj
38
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
 Created in the year 1969
 Developed
• Sempron
• Athlon
• Phenom
 Cheaper than Pentium processors
 Uses socket AM2 to connect
microprocessor to the motherboard
Chapter 1
the
AMD
Slide 39 of 66
powered by dj
39
Dual Core
 Two cores on a single die comprise a dual core
CPU
 Each of the cores has their own cache, can
process independently and provide better
performance
 To make use of dual core technology, the process
must use multiple threads
 Well suited for multitasking environment
 Intel and AMD provide dual core processors for
various segments
Chapter 1
Slide 40 of 66
powered by dj
40
AMD Ratings
MHz = (XP rating/1.5) + (500/1.5)
For example, with an Athlon 1600, the math
would break down like this: MHz =
(1600/1.5) + (500/1.5) MHz = (1066.66) +
(333.33) MHz = 1399.99 which would be
equivalent to the last incarnation of the
Pentium 3 (at 1400 MHz).
Chapter 1
Slide 41 of 66
powered by dj
41
Microprocessor Design
Specifies the type of the microprocessor that
can be installed on the motherboard
Uses socket on which processor is installed.
Chapter 1
Slide 42 of 66
powered by dj
42
Socket 370
370 pins arranged in
six rows
Has L2 cache built
into
the
microprocessor
Supports Celeron 2
and
Pentium
III
microprocessors
Chapter 1
Slide 43 of 66
powered by dj
43
Socket 462
Known as Socket A
Has 462 pins but 9
pins are blocked
Has the L2 cache built
into
the
microprocessor
Supports the AMD’s
Athlon and Duron
microprocessors
Chapter 1
Slide 44 of 66
powered by dj
44
Socket 478
Has 478 pins
Has the L2
cache built into
the
microprocessor
Supports
the
Intel Pentium 4
microprocessor
Chapter 1
Slide 45 of 66
powered by dj
45
Socket 754
Developed by AMD and used for Athlon
64 or Sempron processors
Supports 64 bit computing processors
Has 754 pins and PGA-ZIF type
Voltage range is 0.8 to 1.55V
Supports 800MHz bus speed
Chapter 1
Slide 46 of 66
powered by dj
46
Socket 775
Developed by Intel used with Intel's latest
processors such as Pentium D, P4 with HT
and P4 extreme edition processors
Also supports 64 bit computing technology
Has 775 pins and LGA-ZIF type
Chapter 1
Slide 47 of 66
powered by dj
47
Socket 940
 Is a 940-pin socket for
64-bit AMD server
processors.
 AMD's Opetron and
the older AMD Athlon
64 FX (FX-51) use
Socket 940.
Chapter 1
Slide 48 of 66
powered by dj
48
Socket LGA1156 - I
 Also known as socket H.
 LGA 1156 allows following connections from
processor to rest of the system.
• PCI Express 2.0x 16 connection for
communication with graphic cards.
• Direct media interface (DMI) is used to
communicate between IOH and ICH.
• Two memory channels for communication with
DDR3 SDRAM.
Chapter 1
Slide 49 of 66
powered by dj
49
Socket LGA1156 - II
• Intel H55, H57, Q57 and P55 are the desktop
chipsets that supports LGA 1156 socket which
has Intel i3, i5, and i7 processors installed.
Chapter 1
Slide 50 of 66
powered by dj
50
LGA 1366
 Also known as socket B.
 Support 3 channels of DDR3 memory through the
processor’s internal memory controller.
 Uses quick path interconnect (QPI) with
frequencies upto 3.2GHz to connect CPU to north
bridge.
 A direct media access (DMI) is used to connect
northbridge and south bridge components.
 Core i7 and Xeon processors use these sockets.
Chapter 1
Slide 51 of 66
powered by dj
51
Practical
 Perform the activity mentioned in Lab no.
2 in the text book:
•
To recognize different types of processor
sockets on motherboard.
Chapter 1
Slide 52 of 66
powered by dj
52
Practical
 Perform the activity mentioned in Lab no.
3 in the text book:
•
•
To install the processor in the LGA 775
socket.
Click on the image to run the video
Chapter 1
Slide 53 of 66
powered by dj
53
Heat Sink
 A component that is used to lower the temperature
of an electronic device which absorbs heat from
the electronic device and distributes it to
surrounding environment. Two types of heat sinks
available namely:
 Passive Heat Sink – The passive heat sink is a
metal plate with fins attached to surface of the
processor.
 Active Heat Sink – An active heat sink is an
expansion of passive heat sink with a fan attached
on top of the plane metal surface.
Chapter 1
Slide 54 of 66
powered by dj
54
Practical
 Perform the activity mentioned in Lab no.
4 in the text book:
•
•
To install the heat sink on the top of the
processor.
Click on the image to run the video.
Chapter 1
Slide 55 of 66
powered by dj
55
Configuring the Microprocessor and show P32 from CBT
Possible by adjusting the jumpers or by
changing the system BIOS
Overclocking the microprocessor to
perform faster
Chapter 1
Slide 56 of 66
powered by dj
56
Overclocking - I
Overclocking increases the speed of the
microprocessor
You can overclock the microprocessor by
changing jumper settings on motherboard or
by changing appropriate BIOS settings
Additional cooling devices such as CPU fan
must be installed to cool down the processor
Chapter 1
Slide 57 of 66
powered by dj
57
Overclocking - II
Must be done with a great care by
increasing clock speed as little as possible
every time
Must check documentation of the
microprocessor and motherboard before
overclocking
Overclocking a processor beyond its
maximum capacity can permanently
damage the microprocessor
Chapter 1
Slide 58 of 66
powered by dj
58
Question for GD
Time Limit – 4 Mins
What is overclocking and when it is
required?
Chapter 1
Slide 59 of 66
powered by dj
59
Upgrading the Microprocessor
 Improves the speed and performance of the
system and to keep the system up to date
 To upgrade
• Replace old microprocessor with new and
better microprocessor
• Replace old processor card on the slot with a
new card
• New processor should be compatible with
existing motherboard otherwise you have to
replace both processor and motherboard
Chapter 1
Slide 60 of 66
powered by dj
60
Troubleshooting the Microprocessor
Troubleshooting
microprocessor
techniques solve the problems that arise
due to the improper functioning of the
microprocessor.
General problems are:
Overheating
Slow Processing or Hanging Issues
No display
Chapter 1
Slide 61 of 66
powered by dj
61
Summary - I
 The microprocessor is the heart of the system.
 Microprocessors process the data using instructions.
 CISC microprocessors have many instructions built into the
microprocessor.
 RISC microprocessors have limited instructions built into the
microprocessor.
 The speed of the microprocessor depends on various factors, such as
the number of instructions it processes, the bandwidth and the clock
speed.
 Transistors in the microprocessor boost the data signals on the
processor.
 Intel Pentium microprocessors are designed to work with everyday
applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, multimedia
applications, and games.
Chapter 1
Slide 62 of 66
powered by dj
62
Summary - II
 Intel Pentium M microprocessors are used for laptops and
notebook computers.
 Intel Celeron microprocessors are cheaper and more
economical than the Pentium microprocessors.
 Intel Celeron microprocessors have a smaller cache size
than the Pentium microprocessors.
 Intel Xeon microprocessors power servers and
workstations on a network.
 Intel Itanium is an RISC microprocessor that powers
network servers and workstations.
 AMD Duron and Athlon are economical microprocessors.
 The socket on the motherboard connects the
microprocessor to the motherboard.
Chapter 1
Slide 63 of 66
powered by dj
63
Summary - III
 The different parts of the microprocessor work together to process the
data and give the user valuable information.
 Intel Core2 Duo processors deliver faster performance, greater energy
efficiency, and more responsive multitasking.
 Nehalem Architecture includes a new processor, new CPU socket, new
memory architecture, new chipset, new motherboards and new over
clocking methods.
 Configuring the microprocessor is possible by adjusting jumpers on the
motherboard or using the system BIOS.
 Overclocking the microprocessor increases the speed of the processor.
 To upgrade a microprocessor, we replace the microprocessor in the
system with a new and better microprocessor.
 By troubleshooting, we can solve the microprocessor problems like
overheating and slow processing.
Chapter 1
Slide 64 of 66
powered by dj
64
Explorative Work
 Refer to Internet, reference books or magazine to get the
information.
 Do not copy the information provided in this text book.
 Consult your faculty for further guidance.
Processor
Sl
.
Make
Speed
Type
Cache
Bus Speed
Socket
No. of Cores
Approx. Cost
1
2
3
4
5
Chapter 1
Slide 65 of 66
powered by dj
65
Mind Map
Draw a mind map to summarize this chapter
Chapter 1
Slide 66 of 66
powered by dj
66