Air Pollution
Challenges in
Southeast Asia
Glynda Bathan
Deputy Executive Director
Clean Air Asia
2nd ASEAN Chief Justices
Roundtable Discussion
8 December 2012
Air pollution in Asia risks getting worse again
120
PM10
100
80
WHO interim target 1
PM10 – 70 µg/m3
60
WHO annual guideline
NO2 – 40 µg/m3
40
NO2
20
SO2
0
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
WHO annual guideline
PM10 – 20 µg/m3
WHO daily guideline SO2
– 20 µg/m3
Global Burden of Disease 2000
Mortality attributable to leading risk factors
High blood pressure
Tobacco
High cholesterol
Underweight
Unsafe sex
Low fruit and vegetable intake
Overweight and obesity
Physical inactivity
Alcohol
Unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene
High-mortality developing
Indoor smoke from solid fuels
Lower-mortality developing
Iron deficiency
Developed
Urban air pollution
Zinc deficiency
Outdoor Air Pollution
ranked 13th
Vitamin A deficiency
Contaminated health care injections
Occupational airborne particulates
Occupational risk factors for injury
Lead exposure
Illicit drugs
0
Ezzati et al. 2002; WHO 2002
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Mortality in thousands (Total 55.86 million)
7000
8000
Poor air quality:
7 of 10 cities in developing Asia
PM10 annual average
concentrations µg/m3
>150
Cities developing Asia
26
Cities developed Asia
100-150
58
70-100
89
50-70
36
30-50
20-30
<20
31
5 9
6 10
19
WHO Interim
Target 1
70 µg/m3
20
WHO Air Quality
Guideline
20 µg/m3
Particulate matter or “PM” is harmful
Asthma, impaired
lung function,
cardiovascular
illness and deaths
6
Many sources of PM in Asia
Motorization rates are increasing
Motorization
in Asia (2010)
Source: Accessing Asia,
Clean Air Asia 2012
Vehicle Ownership
800
700
Cars per capita
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
402
1,079
1,888
3,082
Lao
4,137
5,712
7,169
8,590
10,719
12,905
GDP per capita (PPP constant 2005)
24,649
29,940
33,640
40,134
74,114
Indonesia
Vietnam
Cambodia
17,711
Brunei
Malaysia
Philippines
Source: Data from the World Bank and Clean Air Asia
Thailand
Singapore
2-wheelers are in the majority…
Vehicle Types
(2010)
Source: Accessing Asia,
Clean Air Asia 2012
…but trucks generate most CO2 emissions
Road Transport
CO2 Emissions
by Vehicle Type
(2010)
Source: Accessing Asia,
Clean Air Asia 2012
Asia remains dependent on diesel
Estimated share of diesel in road transport fuel consumption (2010)
62%
64%
77%
52%
91%
ASIA
BAN
IND
INO
LAO
85%
85%
65%
58%
NEP
PAK
PHI
PRC
31%
MAL
31%
57%
SIN
69%
SRI
74%
THA
VIE
*Note: share of fuel
consumption of diesel was
estimated based on vehicle
population by fuel type
Source: Clean Air Asia
estimates, 2012
Exposure zone within 300 to 500
meters from a highway or a
major road is most highly
affected by traffic emissions
-Health Effects Institute
-Traffic-Related Air Pollution: A Critical Review of the Literature on
Emissions, Exposure, and Health Effects. 2010
14
The Traffic Impact Area in Delhi
55% of the population within 500 meters of a freeway; 50
meters of a major road (Health Effects Institute analysis)
The Traffic Impact Area in Beijing
HEI Analysis: 76% of the Population within 500 meters of a
Freeway; 50 meters of a Major Road (Health Effects Institute analysis)
More people moving to cities
120,000
people a day
44 million
people added to Asian cities every year
1.1 billion
People added to Asian cities in the next 30 years
ADB
Vehicles are key to Solving the PM2.5
Problem
● Vehicles contribute 22-34% of PM2.5 in
megacities, but percentage is growing
● Actual impacts much higher when
considering secondary pollution
● Roadside exposure much higher in dense
urban areas
Pearl River Delta PM2.5
sources
Others
2%
Power
plant
19%
Industry
43%
18
Micheal Walsh, 2012
Transport
34%
Off-road
equipme
nt
2%
PM2.5 Annual Standards 2012
AQG (10 µg/m3)
IT-3 (15 µg/m3)
IT-2 (25 µg/m3)
IT-1 (35 µg/m3)
Above 35 µg/m3)
No annual PM2.5 standard
No information
Note: China’s new PM2.5 annual standard (35 µg/m3) is for
national implementation in 2016. 2012 implementation of new
standard: for Beijing, Tianjin, YRD, PRD, municipalities and
provincial capital cities
Clean Air Asia 2012
Asia goals 2016: monitoring and data
● Air quality
monitoring systems
and report data
publicly
● Air pollution and
GHG indicators for
transport and
energy
Asia goals: policies
● City Clean Air Plans and reports
● “Avoid-Shift-Improve” policies for transport
● Maintain or improve share of non-motorized
and public transport
● Effective programs for in-use vehicles
● National green freight programs
● Demonstration of clean truck technologies
Low emissions urban development
Low emissions urban development
Ho Chi Minh City 2030 BAU
Low emissions urban development
Ho Chi Minh City 2030 Low Emissions
Baseline
Ahmedabad
Transport CO2: 38%, PM 60%
Electricity CO2 61%, PM 45%
Colombo
Transport CO2: 15%, PM 32%
Electricity CO2 30%, PM 68%
Ho Chi Minh
Transport CO2: 33%, PM 30%
Electricity CO2 40%, PM 38%
BAU 2030
Low Emissions 2030
More information: www.cleanairasia.org
Clean Air Asia Center
center@cleanairasia.org
Unit 3505 Robinsons-Equitable Tower
ADB Avenue, Pasig City
Metro Manila 1605
Philippines
Clean Air Asia China Office
china@cleanairasia.org
901A Reignwood Building,
No. 8 YongAnDongLi
Jianguomenwai Avenue Beijing
China
Clean Air Asia India Office
india@cleanairasia.org
1st Floor, Building No. 4
Thyagraj Nagar Market, Lodhi Colony
New Delhi 110003
India
Clean Air Asia Country Networks
China
Clean Air Asia
Center Members
. India . Indonesia . Nepal . Pakistan . Philippines . Sri Lanka . Vietnam
236 Clean Air Asia
Partnership Members
• Cities
• Environment ministries and government
agencies
• Development agencies and foundations
• Non-government organizations
• Academic and research institutions
• Private sector companies and associations
Clean Air Asia Donors in 2012
Asian Development Bank  Cities Development Initiative for Asia  ClimateWorks
Foundation  DHL/IKEA/UPS  Energy Foundation  Fredskorpset Norway  Fu
Tak Iam Foundation  German International Cooperation (GIZ)  Institute for
Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)  Institute for Transport Policy Studies 
Institute for Transportation and Development Policy  International Union for
Conservation of Nature  L'Agence Française de Développement (AFD)  MAHA 
Pilipinas Shell  Rockefeller Brothers Fund  Shakti Foundation  Shell Foundation
 United Nations Environment Program Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles
(UNEP PCFV)  USAID CEnergy  Veolia  World Bank
26