Lecture 2:
AIRSIDE
PART 1
By: Zuliana Ismail
Learning Outcome
• Student is able to:
•
•
•
•
•
Describe runway types and identifications.
Describe taxiway types and how to identify.
Explain airport signs, airport lightings
Describe about weather facilities.
Explain main navigational aids system.
2
Definition
• AIRFIELD is an area where an aircraft can land
and take off, which may or may not be
equipped with any navigational aids or
markings. Many grass strips are also
designated as airfields.
Definition
• Airfield is called an AERODROME when it is
equipped with air traffic control facility and
runways equipped with navigational aids,
markings and other required facilities.
Definition
AIRSIDE is an area on the airport surface
intended to be used for Aircraft
Operations.
AIRSIDE SERVICES
• Facilities associated with the movement of
the airplanes on the airports surface.
Airside Facilities
RUNWAY
NAVIGATIONAL
AIDS
AIRSIDE
FACILITIES
WEATHER
DETECTOR
AIRSIDE
SIGNAGE
TAXIWAY
APRON
Runway
1. Runways
A defined rectangular area on a
land aerodrome prepared for the
landing and take-off of aircraft.
8
Runway Markings
Non-Instrument Runway (NI)
Non-Precision Runway (NP)
Precision Runway (P)
Runway Markings
Non-Instrument
runway
Non precision
Instrument
Intended solely
for aircraft
operation using
visual approach
procedure
Having an
instrument
approach
procedure using
air navigation
facility with only
horizontal
guidance
Precision
Instrument marking
Having an instrument
approach procedure
using a precision
instrument landing
system, ILS or
precision approach
radar (PAR) which
provides both
horizontal and
vertical guidance to
the runway
Precision Runway (P)
Aiming
point
Touchdown
zone
Designators
Threshold
Runway Markings
• Runway Threshold: Helps identify the beginning of
the runway that is available for landing.
• Runway Designators: Shows the magnetic heading
• Runway Centerline Marking: Provides alignment
guidance during takeoff and landings.
• Runway Aiming Point Marking: Serves as a visual
aiming point for a landing aircraft.
• Runway Touchdown Zone Markers: Identify the
touchdown zone for landing operations
12
RWY Designators
• Identified by a two digit number according to their
magnetic heading.
• The angle is measured from magnetic north and is
divided by 10 and rounded to the nearest integer.
• Example: RWY with a magnetic heading of 340° is
marked as RWY 34.
• Each runway can be used in either direction, and
hence has two numbers, each 18 apart.
• Example: (34-18=16), so the other runway marked
as RWY 16
13
RWY Designators
• Each digit is pronounced separately for clarity in
radio communications. Example: Runway 36 is
pronounced as Three Six.
• For two parallel RWYs, R for Right and L for Left are
added to distinguish btw the RWS.
• For multiple runways each runway is identified by
Left (L), Center (C) and Right (R).
• Example: 26L and 26R.
What is the airport with the
most number of runways all
over the world?
Dallas-Fort Worth Airport
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Runway
Runway
Runway
Runway
Runway
Runway
Runway
Dallas-Fort Worth Airport: 7 Runways
17L/35R
17C/35C
17R/35L
18L/36R
18R/36L
13L/31R
13R/31L
O’Hare International Airport –
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Munich Airport:
Two Parallel Runways
Runways Length
• Runway lengths depend on the size of aircraft
to operate and the weather conditions.
• The bigger the aircraft the longer the runway
(take-off and landing distances)
• The hotter the weather the longer the runway
21
Runways Length
• For aircraft weights below approximately
90,718 kg, a runway length ~ 1,829 m
• Larger aircraft (Boeing 747, 767, 777, and
787; Airbus A300, A330, A340, A350, and
A380; McDonnell Douglas DC-10 or MD-11;
and the Lockheed L1011) will usually require
runway length at least 2,438 m.
22
Runway Lighting Summary
Importance of Lighting
Lighting systems are important for
a/c landing during night time.
Lighting systems from the cockpit
window during bad weather.
Poor visibility is mainly due to
heavy snowfall
Runway Lighting
Lighting systems from the cockpit window
Runway Edge
Lighting:
•White
•Turn Yellow in
last 610m
Runway Center line
Light System :
•White
•Alternate white and
red in last 610 m
•Red in last 310m
Why the lighting colour change?
25
Runway Pavements
• The surface sections of roads and runways are
known as “pavements”.
• To serve its purpose, a pavement must have
adequate load-carrying capability, good ride
ability and must allow safe operation of
aircraft.
Concrete Pavement
• Concrete surfaces from 23
to 40 cm (9 to 16 inches)
thick.
• Can remain useful for 20 to
40 years.
• Commonly used at large
airports.
• It is constructed by aligning
a series of concrete slabs
connected by joins,
Asphalt Pavement
• Asphalt surfaces are from 5
to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches)
thick.
• Can remain useful between
15 to 20 years.
• Commonly used at most
smaller airports.
• Pavements are less
expensive to construct.
Airport Classification
Codes
28
Airport Classification
Codes
Based On Two Elements
Based on AIRCRAFT
(ARC-Aerodrome
Reference Code)
Type Of
Runway
Approach
(NI,NP,P)
Example: 3C NP
Aerodrome reference code Type of approach
Aerodrome Reference Code
• The aerodromes are coded according to the
physical requirements of the critical aircraft
• The aerodrome facilities must meet physical
requirements of the critical aircraft
Aerodrome Reference
Code (ARC)
 ARC is determined by two factors:
Code number (1,2..,4) to reflect aircraft operating
performance in terms of balanced field length of
runways
• Airplane reference field length (RFL)
Code letter (A, B, ..,F) to reflect the aircraft physical
dimensions
Wing span (WS)
31
Aerodrome Reference
Code (ARC)
• Airplane reference Field Length (RFL): The
minimum field length required for take-off at
maximum certificated take-off mass.
• Wing Span (WS)= the maximum extent across the
wings of an aircraft
32
Wing Span (WS)
Aerodrome Reference Code
Code element 1
Airplane reference
field length (RFL)
(2)
Code element 2
Code
number
(1)
Wing span (WS)
(4)
Code
letter
(3)
RFL < 800 m
1
WS < 15 m
A
800 m ≤ RFL < 1200 m
2
15 m ≤ WS < 24 m
B
1 200 m ≤ RFL < 1800 m
3
24 m ≤ WS < 36 m
C
1 800 m ≤ RFL
4
36 m ≤ WS < 52 m
52 m ≤ WS < 65 m
65 ≤ WS < 80 m
D
E
F
34
Exercise
What is the airport classification codes
for Boeing 747-400 & Airbus 380 landing
at the Precision type Runway
Boeing 747-400
RFL=2990m
WS=64.4m
Airbus A380
RFL=>3300m
WS=79.8m
35
Aerodrome Reference Code
N
o
Aircraft
type
Code
Element
1
RFL
( m)
1. ATR 42-200
1010
2. Fokker: 50
1760
3. A 320-200
4. A 340-300
Code
Element
2
Code
No.
2
WS
(m)
Aerodro
me
Referenc
e Code
(ARC)
Code
letter
24.6
C
?
3
29.0
C
?
2058
4
33.9
C
?
2200
4
60.3
E
?
36
Aerodrome Reference Code
AEROPLANE
TYPE
REF
CODE
ARFL
(m)
Wingspan
(m)
Lear Jet 55
3A
1292
13.4
Fokker F28-2000
3B
1646
23.6
Fokker:F27-500
3C
1670
29.0
Airbus A300 B2
3D
1676
44.8
Boeing:
B737-200
B737-300
B737-400
4C
4C
4C
2295
2749
2499
28.4
28.9
28.9
Boeing:
B707-300
B757-200
B767-200ER
4D
4D
4D
3088
2057
2743
44.4
38.0
47.6
Boeing:
B747-300
B747-400
B777-200
4E
4E
4E
3292
3383
2500
59.6
64.9
60.9
37
Taxiway
38
2. Taxiway
• Strip for aircrafts to move slowly
(taxi) between the runway and
apron, runway and runway &
apron and apron.
39
Taxiway
•
•
•
•
Generally, width smaller than runway
Lightings for night flying
Can be one or multiple in bigger airport.
Taxiways should be provided to permit the safe
surface movement of aircraft.
• Sufficient entrance and exit taxiways for a
runway should be provided to make the
movement of airplanes to and from the runway
smooth and to provide more rapid exit taxiways
when traffic volumes are high.
40
Taxiway Types
41
Taxiway Types
There are four types of taxiways:
• Parallel taxiways: aligned parallel next to runway
• Entrance taxiways: perpendicular to the runway &
located near the departure end of runways.
• High-speed taxiways: to allow aircraft quickly free-up
the runway. (Also known as Rapid Exit) , located at
various points along the runway to allow landing
aircraft to efficiently exit the runway after landing.
• By-pass taxiways: located near apron, to allow
aircraft by-pass other aircraft at aircraft parking area.
42
High-speed taxiways
• Also known as Rapid Exit runway.
• To provide exit paths from runway for arriving
aircraft.
• The intersection angle less than 90deg.
43
Taxiway Identification
Taxiways can be identified through:
• Taxiway markings (centerline in yellow color, no
azimuth)
• Taxiway signs (have location sign)
• Taxiway lightings (centerline light in green color,
edge light in blue color)
• Taxiway size and pavement strength (width smaller
than runway, pavement thickness less than runway)
44
Taxiway Lighting
Taxiway
centre line:
green
Taxiway edge
lights: blue
Taxiway Lighting
• Many airports are equipped with taxiway lighting
to facilitate the movement of aircraft on the
airfield at night or in poor visibility conditions.
• Taxiway lighting includes taxiway edge lights,
taxiway centerlines lights.
Taxiway Markings
Taxiway
Centerline
• Taxiway Centerline : single
continuous yellow line .
• All taxiways should have
centerline markings.
• Aircraft should be kept
centered during taxi to
guarantee wingtip
clearance with other
aircraft or other objects
Taxiway Markings
Surface Painted Signs: to assist pilot in confirming
the designation of the taxiway (location or
direction)
Surface Painted Signs
49
RWY/TWY Markings
What The Importance of
RWY/TWY Markings?
• To provide information that is useful to a pilot
during takeoff, landing, and taxiing.
• To enhance safety and improve efficiency: Same
airport markings for all airports make pilots
became familiar.
APRON
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3. APRON
• An area to accommodate aircraft for
purposes of parking , loading or unloading
passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, or
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maintenance.
3. Apron
• Also known as RAMP
• Apron sizes depend on the aircrafts handled
by the airport.
• The bigger the airport handling capacity the
bigger the apron
• Fitted with underground refueling system
• Fitted with water supply system
• Fitted with sewer disposal system
54
Apron Designs
55