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CHAPTER 9
Architectural Pattern of an Animal
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New Designs for Living
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Zoologists recognize ___ major phyla of living multicellular animals
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Basic uniformity of all life derives from ___________ _______________ and
similar cellular construction
Life is ______________ from simple to complex
Each group is arranged to be more _________ than the preceding one
Five Grades of Organization
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All __________ body plans evolved within a few million years due to extensive
selection and adaptation processes.
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
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Survivors of about _____ phyla that appeared 600 million years ago during
_________________ explosion which was the most important evolutionary event in
geological history.
______________ Grade of Organization
 Unicellular groups are the _________ eukaryotic organisms
 Perform all basic functions of life within the confines of a single cell like the
______________
 Protoplasm contains organelles with specialized _________ and diversity
among groups is due to varying _____________ components and structures
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
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Cellular Grade of Organization
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Form _____________ —multicellular organisms like _____________
Have greater structural complexity by combining cells into larger aggregates.
Cells are _____________ parts of the whole organism but cannot live
_____________
Cells demonstrate _____________ of _____________ and perform
specialized tasks earlier accomplished by subcellular components of
_____________ organisms.
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Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
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Cell-Tissue Grade of Organization
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Animals are called _____________ like _____________ and _____________
that represent this group.
Due to the _____________ structure of _____________ , some scientists still
classify them at the cellular level rather than the cell-tissue level.
___________ _____________ grade of Organization
 Aggregated tissues now assembled into larger functional units called
___________
 Organs can be composed of more than one kind of ___________ and have
___________ functions
 The ___________ is surrounded by ___________ tissues
 Represented by ___________
___________ ___________ Grade of Organization
 Several organs work together to perform a common function for the survival
of the animal
 Considered the ___________ level of organization and associated with most
complex animal phyla like nemerteans, crabs, and chordates
Animal Body Plans
Animal body plans are different in:
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Most cells can still be scattered all around the body.
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity
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Cells grouped together into definite patterns or layers to perform a common
function as a coordinated unit called _____________ .
Grade of ___________
Body ___________
Number of ___________ layers
Number of ___________ ___________
___________ is balance of proportions and the correspondence of size and shape of parts
on opposite sides of a median plane
Types of Animal Symmetry
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___________ : ball shaped
___________ : tube- or vase-like
___________ : right and left sides
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Animal Body Plans
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___________ symmetry
 Any plane passing through the center and divides the body into mirrored
halves
 Best suited for ___________ and ___________
 Found in unicellular forms but rare in ___________ animals
___________ symmetry
 Body divided into similar halves by more than two ___________ passing
through ___________ axis
 Found in ___________ , ___________ , sea urchins, and related groups
 End of ___________ body forms mouth called ___________ surface while
the opposite end forms basal attachment disc called ___________ surface
Animal Body Plans
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___________ symmetry
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Variant form radial ___________
Have part that is ___________ or ___________ rather than radial
Only two planes passing through the longitudinal axis that produces mirrored
halves
Usually ___________ , freely ___________ , or ___________ swimming
animals ___________ ctenophores
No ___________ or ___________ end
Can interact with the environment in all directions
Animal Body Plans
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___________ Symmetry
 Organism divided along a sagittal plane into two ___________ portions
forming ___________ and left halves
 Much better fitted for ___________ (forward) movement which is
_________________ to an animal moving through its environment head first
 Associated with ___________ which is the differentiation of a ___________
region and the concentration of ___________ tissues and ___________
organs in the front area
 Also has ___________ in front to allow for more efficient feeding and
detection of prey
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Animal Body Plans
Regions of ___________ symmetrical animals:
 ___________ head end; ___________ tail end
 ___________ back side; ___________ bottom or belly side
 ___________ midline of body
 ___________ right and left sides
 ___________ parts farther from the middle of body
 ___________ parts are nearer the middle of body
 ___________ plane (___________ plane)- divides body into dorsal and ventral
halves
 ___________ plane- divides body to right and left
 ___________ plane (cross section)- divides body into anterior and posterior halves
Body Cavities and Germ Layers
___________ ___________
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___________ : no body cavity
___________ : partial body cavity
___________ : true body cavity
Body Cavities and Germ Layers
Variations in body cavity formation
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Body cavity is dependent on ___________ pouch formation during ___________
Types of body cavities
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Internal space represented by _____cavity and ___________ ___________ body
___________ that cushions and protects internal ___________
In ___________
___________ grade of organization and have no real body cavity- ___________
 After blastula formation, cells reorganize to form adult body and does not
form gastrula
 Cells grow and surround a chamber called ___________
 Blastula has no ___________ opening so no _________ cavity forms
Body Cavities and Germ Layers
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In other animal phyla
Development proceeds from ___________ to ___________
 Invagination of surface cells form the ___________ or primitive gut
 Opening to archenteron is the ___________ and becomes the ___________ or
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Body Cavities and Germ Layers
In ___________
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Three body plans are possible
 ___________ plan
 Mesodermal cells completely fill the blastocoel so no body space is
formed
 _______ is only body cavity
 Region between ectoderm and endoderm is filled with spongy mass of
___________ cells that are from embryonic connective tissue and are
important for ___________ and disposal of ___________ wastes
_________________ plan
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___________ cells line the outer edge of the blastocoel only partially lined with
mesoderm
___________ is a _______ body cavity
Two body cavities formed where persistent blastocoel forms pseudocoelom and a
gut cavity
Body Cavities and Germ Layers
________________ coelomate plan
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Mesoderm forms as endodermal cells near blastopore migrate into the blastocoel
Body Cavities and Germ Layers
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the ___________
Embryo now has two cavities- ___________ and ___________
Inside gut is lined by ___________
Outer layer of cells is ___________
Middle area lined with ___________
Mesodermal cells fill blastocoel and then splits to form a space called a
___________
 A true body cavity that is completely lined by mesoderm
Two body cavities are formed: ______ and ___________
Body Cavities and Germ Layers
In _______________
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Mesoderm forms by an ________________ plan where cells from the central gut
lining form ___________ and expand into ___________
 Pouch wall forms ___________ ring and pouches enclose a space, the
___________ cavity
 Pouches pinch off from gut lining completely enclosing the coelom bounded
by mesoderm.
 Forms two body cavities- _______ and ___________
 ___________ mesenteries suspend organs in the coelom
Developmental Origins in Triploblasts Body Plans
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_______________ animals follow one of several major developmental pathways
Most common pathways are by ___________ or ___________ cleavage
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Developmental Origins in Triploblasts Body Plans
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___________ cleavage
 Typically accompanied by ________ traits
 ___________ becomes the ______ and new opening becomes
the mouth
 ___________ formation is by enterocoely
 ___________ is regulative
 Animals with these features are called deuterostomes
___________ cleavage
 Produces embryos whose developmental pattern contrast with those of
___________
 Blastopore becomes the mouth
 Cleavage is mosaic
 May be acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, or coelomate via schizocoely
 Animals with these features are called _________________
protostomes
________________ protostomes
 Exhibit a range of cleavage patterns including spiral and superficial
cleavage
 Can be coelomate or pseudocoelomate
A Complete Gut Design and Segmentation
Types of _____design
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Few ___________ and ___________ form _______ or ___________ gut cavity
 Same opening for entrance of food and exit of wastes
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Most common animal groups form a ___________ gut
 Allows for one-way flow of food from ___________ to ___________
 Tube-within-a-tube design is very adaptive to the various types of food
A Complete Gut Design and Segmentation
______________
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(_______________ )
___________ ___________ of similar body segments along longitudinal axis of
body
Each segment is a ___________ or somite that contains ___________ and
___________ structures of several vital organ systems
 Segments can be seen during early development and also appear as superficial
ectodermal and body wall features in adults
 Permits greater body ___________ and ___________ of structure and
function
 Found in ___________ , ___________ , and ___________
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Components of Metazoan Bodies
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Types of cellular components
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_________________ Components
 Noncellular components of ___________ animals
 Body fluids that fill up two compartments
 ___________ space- within body cells
 ___________ space- outside of body cells like blood
___________ and ___________ fluids
 ___________ structural elements
 Support connective tissues, cartilage and cuticle as storage
depot and mechanical protection
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Components of Metazoan Bodies
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Cellular Components
 Four types of tissues form during embryonic development
 ___________________ tissue
 ___________________ tissue
 ___________________ tissue
 ___________________ tissue
 All animals and their organ systems are made from these four basic tissue
types
 ___________ is the study of types of tissues
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Components of Metazoan Bodies
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___________________ Tissue
 Sheet of cells that covers an internal or external surface of the animal body
 _______________ , function as _______________ for all organs and ducts as
well as all passageways
 Allow the _______________ of _______________ and various
materials to all cells
 Has modifications to produce lubricating mucus and specialized
hormones and enzymes
 _______________, used for _______________
 Epithelial cells are classified based on form and number of layers
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Components of Metazoan Bodies
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Types of epithelial cells
 Simple epithelia
 Single layer of cells in all metazoans
 Classified based on shape and function
 _______________ flattened cells forming continuous lining of blood
capillaries, lungs and surfaces allowing diffusion and transport
 _______________ short box-like cells lining the ducts and tubules of
kidneys, salivary glands and other secretory systems
 _______________ - taller than cuboidal with elongate nuclei and
many small finger-like projections called _______________ for
increased absorption along the intestines
Components of Metazoan Bodies
_______________ _______________
 Two or more cell layers that are restricted to _______________
 Adapted to withstand mechanical _______________ and _______________
 Lines the oral cavity, _______________ , anal canal and skin that has high
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_______________ proteins
Separated from underlying tissues by a____________ layer that continues to divide
and produce new cells, which are pushed towards the surface where they are
sloughed off and replaced
 All epithelial cells do not get _______________ but depend on
_______________ for oxygen and nutrients
Components of Metazoan Bodies
_______________ skin cells found in _______________ , _______________ , and
_______________ skin are mostly stratified _______________ epithelium.
 These cells die, lose nuclei, and form scale-like layers that are
____________________ to protect the deeper layers of living cells
_______________ _______________ type of stratified epithelium specialized for great
stretching
 Found in urinary track and bladder of vertebrates to allow enlargement while storing
wastes
 Starts off in relaxed state with many cell layers that expands and stretches to only
few layers of extremely flattened cells
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Components of Metazoan Bodies
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_______________ Tissue
 Widespread in body but contains relatively few cells, many fibers, and a ground
substance or _______________ that suspend fibers
Two types of connective tissue In vertebrates
 _______________ connective tissue
 Also known as areolar connective tissue that serve as “packing material”
 Anchors blood vessels, nerves, and organs
 Consists of fibroblasts that synthesize fibers, ground substance, and
wandering macrophages that destroy pathogens and damaged cells
Components of Metazoan Bodies
Dense _______________ tissues
 Characterized by densely packed fibers and little matrix
 Forms _______________ , _______________ and _______________ arranged as
sheets which surround skeletal muscles
 Tendons have _______________ fibers which are the most abundant protein of great
tensile strength found in all animals that require _______________ and resistance to
stretching.
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Specialized _______________ tissues include _____________, _____________,
____________tissue, cartilage, and bone.
Components of Metazoan Bodies
_______________ is semi-rigid tissue of firm matrix cells (_______________ ) with
collagen and elastin.
 Lacks _______________ supply so nutrients and wastes have to diffuse through the
ground substance such that it heals very slowly after damage
___________is strongest connective tissue made of calcified matrix
(_____________________ ) around collagen fibers
 Blood vessels flow through tiny channels called _______________ and large canals
that allow for continuous repair called _______________ .
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Components of Metazoan Bodies
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_______________ Tissue
 Most abundant _______________ in animals and originates from _______________
forming muscle fiber cells are specialized for contraction
 Two types of muscle cells
 _______________ transversely striped muscle
 _______________ long cylindrical fibers, unbranched, multinucleated, and with voluntary control in vertebrates while
invertebrates can have stimulatory and inhibitory control
 _______________ short, branched network, with one nucleus,
connected by intercalated discs and are involuntary
Components of Metazoan Bodies
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_______________ - non-striped visceral muscle
 Long, tapering, unbranched, one central nucleus, involuntary control
 Vertebrates and invertebrates have ultrastructural differences
 _______________ commonly have them as body wall muscles and around
ducts and sphincters
 _______________ have them around blood vessels and surrounding internal
organs like intestines and the uterus
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Components of Metazoan Bodies
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_______________ Tissue
 Specialized to receive stimuli and conduct impulses from one region to
another
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Components of Metazoan Bodies
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Parts of a neuron
 _______________ nucleated body
 _______________ extensions from the some that receive signals from
receptors
 _______________ carries signal away from nerve body- also called nerve
fiber- to other cells and effector organs
_______________ sheath- increases speed of signals during transmission
_______________ specialized nerve junctions between each neuron or effector
organ
Complexity and Body Size
The evolution of __________ ________ sizes
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Two basic cell types
 _______________
 Structural and functional unit of the nervous system
 _______________
 Non-nervous cells that insulate neurons and support nervous functions
More complex grades of _______________ organization ___________ and
_______________ large body sizes
Problems of large body sizes:
 As body increases in size, there is _______ _________area compared to
____________because surface area increases as the _____________of body
length and volume increases as the ____________ of body length.
 Therefore, large animals have _______________ surface area to provide
_______________ and _______________ flow to _________ deep in the
body.
Complexity and Body Size
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Solutions to this _______________ to _______________ issue.
 The _______________ and _______________ of body surfaces to maximize
surface area with minimal size
 The _______________ of body shapes to allow all cells to have internal
spaces not far from the surface
 Most large organisms use the development of _______________
_______________ mechanisms to move nutrients, wastes, and gases between
cells and the external environment.
 Results in more _______________ and more specialized organ systems
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Complexity and Body Size
Benefits of Being Large
 _______________ against environmental fluctuations
 Provides _______________ against _______________ and promotes offensive
tactics
 Even though large animals need more _______________ and _______________ ,
the cost of maintaining body temperature is ____________ per ________of body
weight than in small animals
 ____________costs of moving a gram of body weight over a given distance is
_________for larger animals than for small animals
 Therefore, _______________ opportunities are different for larger animals
compared to smaller ones and result to _______________ _______________
_______________ .