Weber State Debate Institute
China CP – Pre-Institute
1
China Counterplan – WSDI 2014
China Counterplan – WSDI 2014 ..................................................................................................... 1
China CP ....................................................................................................................................... 2
1NC – China CP ........................................................................................................................ 3
2NC – China CP – Solvency Run ............................................................................................... 4
Solvency – Aquaculture ........................................................................................................... 6
Solvency – OTEC ...................................................................................................................... 7
Solvency – Ocean Fertilization................................................................................................. 9
Net Benefit ................................................................................................................................ 10
1NC – Chinese Economy ........................................................................................................ 11
2NC – Impact – Chinese Economy ......................................................................................... 12
2NC – Internal Link – Chinese Economy ................................................................................ 14
2NC Materials ........................................................................................................................... 16
2NC – AT: Perm Do Both........................................................................................................ 17
2NC – AT: International Fiat Bad ........................................................................................... 18
2NC – AT: Environment Turn ................................................................................................. 19
2NC – AT: Competitiveness Turn ........................................................................................... 21
2NC – AT: Air Pollution Turn .................................................................................................. 23
Aff Answers................................................................................................................................ 25
2AC – China CP ...................................................................................................................... 26
1AR – Perm Do Both .............................................................................................................. 31
1AR – Environment Turn ....................................................................................................... 32
1AR – No Solvency ................................................................................................................. 35
1AR – Links to Politics ............................................................................................................ 36
1AR – AT: Chinese Economy Net Benefit............................................................................... 37
Weber State Debate Institute
China CP – Pre-Institute
2
China CP
Weber State Debate Institute
China CP – Pre-Institute
3
1NC – China CP
Text: The People’s Republic of China should (insert the mandate of the
Affirmative’s plan)
China solves ocean development
Haiqing, 11-6-2013
[Tao, People’s Daily Online, Establish China's Marine Economy Development Systems,
http://en.theorychina.org/xsqy_2477/201306/t20130611_270465.shtml] /Bingham-MB
Statistical data shows that China's 3 million square kilometers of territorial waters contain about
24 billion tons of oil and about 14 trillion cubic meters of natural gas. As an important growth
pole in the national economy, China's coastal areas, driven by marine economy, created 60
percent of the gross national product by using of its land area that accounts for 13.4 percent of
the country. Therefore, China should construct its marine economy development system by
actively coordinating the exploitation of marine resources in accordance with people-oriented
principle and with sea as its source.¶
Establish an integrated management system and break
the region separation¶ The ocean, a treasure trove of biological resources and a cornucopia of
mineral resources, is considered to be the second space of human existence. The coastal
countries, such as the United States and Japan, not only raise the ocean economy to the
national strategy, but also are equipped with a Ministry-level department to co-ordinate and
manage the ocean.¶ In the 12th five-year-plan, China raised marine economy to the national
strategy, and clearly states that "promote the development of marine economy, adhere to the
land and sea to co-ordinate development, formulate and implement marine economy
development strategy, improve marine development, control, and comprehensive
management ability. This indicates that the economic development of China's coastal areas has
exceeded its land boundaries, extending to the waters and to enter the co-ordination era of land
and sea.¶ But as to the present situation, China's existing marine management system lacks
integrated management. The fragmented phenomenon in China's marine economy
development is serious, such as the Bohai Bay, with 5800 km coastline and over 60 ports,
owning a port on average less than 100 kilometers. Isomorphism causes regional repeat
construction and significant waste of resources. Therefore, China should establish Special
Coordination Committee in charge of the marine economy at the level of Central Government,
intensify and draft the marine economic development plan covering all industries and regions,
in order to improve the ability of marine resources exploitation, to break the region
separation, so that the development of marine economy in all regions will promote in
harmony, forming a new pattern of ocean management.
Weber State Debate Institute
China CP – Pre-Institute
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2NC – China CP – Solvency Run
China is superior at ocean development to the affirmative—they have the
national strategy and management capacity to support development in all
industries and regions—that our 1NC Haiqing evidence
And China is the best actor for ocean development:
1. China has the capacity to do ocean development—resources, political will,
and integrated management
C.C.I.C.E.D., 2010
[China Council for international cooperation on the environment and development, Report of
task force at the annual general meeting, Ecosystem Issues and Policy Options Addressing
Sustainable Development of China’s Ocean and Coast,
http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358302221866.pdf
] /Bingham-MB
China’s ocean and coasts play a vital role in socio-economic development and in the ¶
improvement of public health and welfare. In the past 30 years, relying on their location and ¶
marine resources, coastal cities have led the way in opening the country to foreign ¶ investment;
they have consequently become the most economically developed areas of ¶ China. As marine
resources have become more fully utilized, the marine economy has in ¶ turn become one of
the fastest growing sectors of the Chinese economy. The State and the ¶ Party attach great
importance to coastal development including the intensified growth of the ¶ marine economy
and marine-related industries. Both the 10th and 11th Five-Year Plan of the ¶ National
Economy and Social Development included mandates on the development of ¶ marine
resources and environmental protection. Moreover, the 11th five-year plan includes a ¶ chapter
dedicated to the development of marine industries; it proposes ‘the implementation ¶ of
marine integrated management and the further development of the marine economy.’ The ¶
16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed ‘the implementation of ¶
ocean development’45 and the 17th National Congress proposed ‘the development of marine ¶
industries.’ 46 Furthermore, General Secretary Hu Jintao in particular highlighted the ¶
intention to develop marine industries during his visit to Shandong in 2009,47 placing ¶
emphasis on the utilization of marine resources based on sound science and the further ¶
nurturing of marine industries. Under the State Council, the 12th five-year plan, which is now ¶
being prepared, is expected to place ocean activities and marine resources at the same level ¶
of importance as energy strategies, emphasizing the growing importance of the ocean and ¶
coasts in current national planning strategies.
2. China has the governmental programs for sustainable development of the
Ocean
C.C.I.C.E.D., 2010
[China Council for international cooperation on the environment and development, Report of
task force at the annual general meeting, Ecosystem Issues and Policy Options Addressing
Sustainable Development of China’s Ocean and Coast,
http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358302221866.pdf
] /Bingham-MB
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China CP – Pre-Institute
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In 1996, sustainable development officially became one of China’s basic development ¶
strategies. It evolved from originally being a scientific consensus into being an important ¶
element of Government policy and operational programming. China’s Ocean Agenda 21 ¶
proposed the background, aims, and priority areas for the sustainable development of marine ¶
areas. Since the implementation of Agenda 21, the sustainable development of China’s ocean ¶
and coasts has seen an almost 15-year history, which coincides with the period of transition ¶ in
China’s economic and social development. The terms ‘a moderately well-off society’, ¶
‘harmonious society’, ‘environmentally friendly’ and ‘resource-saving society’, and ¶
‘ecological civilization’ are now all continuously employed at the highest levels of ¶
government, shaping progress and defining China’s sustainable development. Also China is ¶
signing and joining many environmental treaties and conventions such as the GPA etc. The ¶
process by which China is sustainably developing its marine areas is seeing continuous ¶
improvement, and there is a growing capacity for truly sustainable development of the ocean ¶
and coasts.
3. China can integrate new ocean development into the five year plan
C.C.I.C.E.D., 2010
[China Council for international cooperation on the environment and development, Report of
task force at the annual general meeting, Ecosystem Issues and Policy Options Addressing
Sustainable Development of China’s Ocean and Coast,
http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358302221866.pdf
] /Bingham-MB
In 2002, the endorsed report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of ¶ China
proposed: ‘The Implementation of Marine Development.’ This marks the first ¶ appearance of
the term ‘ocean’ in a National Congress report. In 2007, the 17th National ¶ Congress of the
Communist Party of China clearly indicated ‘Development of Marine ¶ Industries.’ General
Secretary Hu Jintao particularly emphasized the nation’s intention to ¶ develop marine industries
during his visit to Shandong, and he placed emphasis on the ¶ utilization of marine resources
based on sound science and the nurturing of marine industries. ¶ The 12th Five-Year Plan, which
is being prepared currently by the State Council, is ¶ expected to place ocean activities and
marine resources at the same level as energy ¶ strategies, emphasizing the importance of the
ocean and coasts in current national ¶ planning strategies. ¶ As a conclusion, against a
backdrop of socio-economic development and a determination ¶ to further implement proper
scientific concepts, China’s policies, laws and legislation ¶ regarding the sustainable
development of the ocean and coasts are continuously improving. ¶ Though various phases of
action plans allow sustainable development principles to be ¶ incorporated into marine
industry plans and government-related policies, the emphasis on ¶ both the development of
marine resources and the protection of ecological habitats means ¶ that marine environmental
management and land-based pollution control need to be clearly¶ integrated. The main focus
must be on the protection of offshore marine environmental ¶ resources and further expanding
development opportunities towards the open ocean by ¶ finding and creating new resources
in deeper waters. On the other hand, marine management ¶ has evolved from single
departmental administrative controls into an integrated management ¶ approach considering a
combination of legal, economic, technical and the necessary ¶ administrative responsibilities.
Various regions are now increasingly practicing ocean and ¶ coastal management using
ecological systems as the basis for decision-making.
Weber State Debate Institute
China CP – Pre-Institute
6
Solvency – Aquaculture
China can solve aquaculture development—infrastructure, research and
training, and best technology
NBSO, 2010
[Netherlands Business Support Office (NBSO) Dalian6, An overview of China's aquaculture,
Spring 2010, http://china.nlambassade.org/binaries/content/assets/postenweb/c/china/zakendoen-in-china/import/kansen_en_sectoren/agrofood/rapporten_over_agro_food/an-overviewof-chinas-aquaculture] /Bingham-MB
China has a long history in aquaculture dating back more ¶ than 2500 years. It actually all
started with the pond ¶ farming of carps. Fingerlings were caught in the Yangtze ¶ River and
subsequently transferred to earthen ponds for ¶ farming. From that moment onwards, the
farming of ¶ freshwater species steadily expanded throughout China. ¶ The expansion slowed
down in early 20th century as the ¶ demand for fish seed exceed what could be supplied ¶ from
the wild. This triggered the government to play ¶ a more active role in further developing
aquaculture. ¶ The stimulating role the government played in the ¶ development of
aquaculture ranged from providing ¶ fish seeds through artificial spawning, researching and ¶
developing, introducting new species, developing marine ¶ aquaculture and passing on new
culture techniques to the ¶ small farmers in rural areas engaged in aquaculture. After ¶ the
opening-up policy was taken in place in 1978, the ¶ development of aquaculture further
continued in terms ¶ of new species, new techniques and the start of bigger ¶ and better
integrated companies in the field of aquatic ¶ products, also the establishment of business
forms other ¶ than a cooperative or a state owned enterprise became ¶ possible (e.g.
corporations, individual, joint ventures, ¶ ventures with foreign companies) (Hishamunda & ¶
Subashinge, 2003).¶ The government remains an important key facilitator ¶ when it comes to
aquaculture. In fact, as aquaculture ¶ further developed; the bureaucratic system within the ¶
government to further facilitate its development also ¶ expanded. Below an impression of how
this system looks ¶ like:¶ The above figure shows that the role of the government ¶ exerts on 3
levels. Level 1 concerns the relevant ministries ¶ and local governments. Their role is to set out
the ¶ objectives stated in the five year plans and to provide for ¶ a good infrastructure for
aquaculture development. Level ¶ 2 are the research institutes for further scientific R&D ¶ and
training. The Chinese Academy of Fishery Science ¶ and the National Fisheries Research
Institutions are the ¶ key R&D and training centers, whereas the local research ¶ and educational
institutions are there to train on a local ¶ level and to adapt the R&D from the national centers ¶
into workable solutions taken into account the local ¶ conditions. Finally is Level 3, there are the
Technology ¶ Extensions Centers. These centers provide assistance ¶ to companies and local
farmers when it comes to ¶ implementing new technologies and know how coming ¶ from
the research institutes.
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China CP – Pre-Institute
7
Solvency – OTEC
Chinese development solves OTEC
Ping et al, 2013
[Advances in Mechanical Engineering Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 941781, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/941781 Review Article Development of Ocean Energy
Technologies: A Case Study of China Qin Guodong, Lou Ping, and Wu Xianglian College of Jiaxing
Vocational Technology, Jiaxing 314036, China Received 28 June 2013; Revised 5 September
2013; Accepted 27 September 2013 Academic Editor: Haitao Yu Copyright © 2013,
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ame/2013/941781/] /Bingham-MB
4. Thermal Energy Generation Technology¶ The temperature difference between warm surface ocean water and cold deep ocean
water leads to the formation of thermal energy. As a result of heating effect of solar radiation, temperature difference in most
tropical and subtropical oceans can reach 20°C or more. For utilizing the temperature difference, the
Ocean Thermal
Energy Conversion (OTEC) technique is adopted to make a thermodynamic cycle through heat engine to produce
power.¶ In China, thermal energy generation technology began in the early 1980s, and the
research was carried out in Guangzhou, Qingdao, Tianjin, and so forth [14]. In 1986, the thermal energy conversion test
analog devices were completed in Guangzhou. In 1985, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion made a study on open-cycle
ocean thermal energy conversion by using a method called droplet elevating cycle, which increased potential energy of the seawater
and density of thermal energy and reduced the size of the system. It is estimated that seawater will be elevated to a height of 125 m
by releasing heat and driving the turbine when its temperature decreases from 20°C to 7°C [24].¶
Since 1980, Taiwan has
carried out a research on the ocean thermal energy resources in the east coast of Taiwan
island and an evaluation and program design of the natural environmental conditions of Hualien
County Heping river, Shihtiping, and Taitung County Zhangyuan and also gave a plan of constructing a 40,000 kW
demonstration energy plant in 1995 [25].¶ Another promising way to utilize thermal energy is Seawater-source Heat
Pump (SWHP) technology. The first plant adopting SWHP system in China is Qingdao Power Plant in November, 2004 [26]. It is
proved that the cost of winter heating by using SWHP is much lower than that of coal heating, which are 15 CNY/m2 and 25 CNY/m2,
respectively. Therefore, air conditioning in Olympic Sailing Venue in Qingdao adopts this system.¶ 5. Marine Salinity Gradient Energy
Technology¶ Salinity gradient energy, the potential chemical electrical energy caused by difference in salt concentration between
seawater and fresh water or between seawaters with different salt concentrations, mainly exists in the area where river meets the
sea. Usually the potential chemical electrical between seawater (35% salinity) and fresh water has an energy density of 240 m water
head, which can directly drive the turbine to produce power [13].¶ It is calculated that the total amount of salinity gradient energy
resource along China’s coast can reach kJ, but the distribution is uneven. It is relatively scarce in northern China, while that in the
southern region of Yangtze River accounts for 92.5% of the total amount [14, 27], especially in the estuaries of Yangtze River and
Pearl River. Shanghai and Guangzhou are located in the estuaries of Yangtze River and Pearl River respectively, and those two areas
are the most developed in economy and with large energy consumption.¶ In 1980s, research on salinity gradient energy generation
and semipermeable membrane in China began, and laboratory device of Salt Lake concentration energy generation was successfully
developed in 1985 in Xi’an. In the test, the solvent (water) to the solution (brine), penetrating the water column of the solution
increased to 10 m hydrogenerating unit generating energy from 0.9 to 1.2 W. Obviously, salinity gradient energy generation research
in China is still at the preliminary stage of the laboratory principle.¶ Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology made an
experimental research on elevated tank system in 1985. The upper tank in the experiment was about 10 m above the permeator and
30 kg dry salt was used for a work of 8–14 h and to generate 0.9–1.2 W electricity. Unless the permeation flux was improved by one
order of magnitude and the seawater could be used without pretreatment, the technology of osmotic energy development would
be commercialized [14].¶ Although marine salinity gradient energy exploitation is simple in principle, lots of difficulties remain to be
solved to achieve commercialization and industrialization. Some experts reckon that commercial exploitation of salinity gradient
energy is difficult to realize, investment would be unadvisable, and the environment impact should also be taken into consideration
under present conditions of technology and process. Therefore, after some theoretical researches and putting forward of energy
conversion devices, few further research on it are made in China [28].¶ 6. Ocean Current Energy Technology¶ Ocean current energy
is the kinetic energy of flowing seawater, mainly caused by the relatively steady ocean flow in strait or channel and the regular tides
current flow. The power of current is in proportion to velocity cubed and flux. Therefore, the higher the speed, the more powerful
the current.¶ From the Bohai Sea to the South China Sea, distribution of ocean current energy resources is uneven. Current velocity
in most areas of Bohai Sea is less than 0.77 m/s, except for water channels in Bohai Strait, among which the highest speed can reach
2.5 m/s. Current velocity in the Yellow Sea coast is larger than that of 0.5–1.0 m/s in Bohai Sea.¶ Ocean current energy technology in
China can be traced back to 1978. At the year of 1987, He Shijun, from Dinghai, Zhejiang, made a tidal current conversion testing
device and harnessed 5.7 kW electricity at a velocity of 3 m/s in Xihoumen channel. In January 2002, the first floating moored tidal
current turbine in China was built by Harbin Engineering University, and installed (WanXiang I) in Guishan channel (Daishan,
Zhejiang), as shown in Figure 3. The “WanXiang I” consists of two vertical axis rotors, driven systems, control mechanism, and
floating platform, and every 2.2 m diameter rotor is composed of four vertical blades with variable pitches.¶ In 2009, a project of
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China CP – Pre-Institute
8
National Key Technology R&D Program (NKTRDP), research and demonstration of 150 kW tidal current power station technology
was launched, which aims to test the prototype turbine and to demonstrate technology and will be finished in 2014.¶ 7.
Suggestions¶ With
years of development, ocean energy harnessing technology has gained
maturity. In terms of technical maturity, tidal power generation technology is the most mature one, but it may cause possible
environmental impacts. Therefore, careful consideration should be taken in its development. For the short term, China’s ocean
energy development mainly focuses on tidal power generation and construction of 10 MW-level tidal power plant. At present,
technical problems of reducing costs in devices and improvement of reliability should be the point disscussed. In
the near
future, construction of hundreds of kW level demonstration generation devices and accumulating
experience for commercialization should be the task. For this, the following measures should
be taken.¶ (1) Increasing financial support in science and technology. Social forces and nongovernment
capital must be introduced into researches on ocean energy development as well as investment in
national science and technology development planning.¶ (2) Establishing a strategic position for
ocean renewable energy, incorporating it into national planning and improving its
development by preferential policies and economic means of tax cuts, feed-in tariff, and so forth.¶ (3) Making
efforts to its industrialization and commercialization, seeking a combination of low cost and large-scale
development to improve economic returns and market competitiveness.¶ It is predicted that China’s energy demands will
increase year by year, and the total energy consumption in 2050 will be 3 times as much as that in 2000. Such a huge demand
cannot be satisfied by conventional energy and we must
make full use of ocean energy, and gradually
reverse the energy structure and the structure of electricity supply. Only in this way coordination of
China’s energy, economy, and environment can be accomplished.¶ 8. Conclusions¶ In this review, different types of ocean energy
and related technologies in China are introduced and evaluated. Ocean
renewable energy faces a good
opportunity for development and China has offered a favorable environment, especially for the tidal
energy and wave energy, so there is much reason to believe that ocean energy will get greater
development in the future and contribute more to national economy.¶ However, to realize the
commercialization of ocean energy is not an easy work. Many inventions still need to be made, and many challenging
problems remain to be solved. In general, cooperation of research institutions in ocean energy technology
and collaboration between governments should be strengthened to remove difficulties,
reduce cost, and improve ocean energy utilization rate.
Weber State Debate Institute
China CP – Pre-Institute
9
Solvency – Ocean Fertilization
China has the capacity to execute large scale geoengineering projects
Hamilton, 3-22-13
[Clive, The Guardian, Why geoengineering has immediate appeal to China,
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/mar/22/geoengineering-china-climatechange] /Bingham-MB
The political dilemma over geoengineering – deliberate, large-scale intervention in the climate
system designed to counter global warming or offset some of its effects – will perhaps be most
acute in China.¶ In December, the country listed geoengineering among its Earth science
research priorities, in a marked shift in the international climate change landscape noticed by
China specialists Kingsley Edney and Jonathan Symons.¶ On the one hand, China's rapid
economic growth has seen a huge escalation in its greenhouse gas emissions, which on an
annual basis overtook those of the United States five years ago. Sustained GDP growth provides
China's Communist party with its only claim to legitimacy, its "mandate of heaven". China's
efforts to constrain the growth of its emissions have been substantial, and certainly put to
shame those of many developed nations.¶ Yet neither China's efforts nor those of other
countries over the next two or three decades are likely to do much to slow the warming of the
globe, nor halt the climate disruption that will follow. Global emissions have not been declining
or even slowing. In fact, global emissions are accelerating. Even the World Bank, which for years
has been criticised for promoting carbon-intensive development, now warns that we are on
track for 4C of warming, which would change everything.¶ China is highly vulnerable to water
shortages in the north, with declining crop yields and food price rises expected, and storms and
flooding in the east and south. Climate-related disasters in China are already a major source of
social unrest so there is a well-founded fear in Beijing that the impacts of climate change in the
provinces could topple the government in the capital. Natural disasters jeopardise its mandate.¶
So what can the Chinese government do? Continued growth in greenhouse gas emissions is a
condition for its hold on power, but climate disruption in response to emissions growth
threatens to destabilise it.¶ Geoengineering has immediate appeal as a way out of this catch22. While a variety of technologies to take carbon out of the air or to regulate sunlight are
being researched, at present by far the most likely intervention would involve blanketing the
Earth with a layer of sulphate particles to block some incoming solar radiation.¶ Spraying
sulphate aerosols could mask warming and cool the planet within weeks, although it would not
solve the core problem of too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and oceans.
[Note: Ocean fertilization = a form of geoengineering]
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China CP – Pre-Institute
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Net Benefit
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China CP – Pre-Institute
11
1NC – Chinese Economy
Ocean development solves Chinese economic growth
C.C.I.C.E.D., 2010
[China Council for international cooperation on the environment and development, Report of
task force at the annual general meeting, Ecosystem Issues and Policy Options Addressing
Sustainable Development of China’s Ocean and Coast,
http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358302221866.pdf
] /Bingham-MB
The 21st century marks a new era in the conservation and protection of the world’s ¶ oceans. At
the same time, General Secretary Hu Jintao has made clear, at the Central ¶ Economic Work
Conference in 2007, ‘that the development of oceans is a strategic task to ¶ stimulate our
country’s economic and social advancement.’ Therefore, given China’s large ¶ population and
lack of natural resources, the fundamental solution, one that meets all needs, ¶ must be
based on sustainable development of China’s ocean and coasts. It appears that ¶ decisionmakers together with government administrators agree that this is the road to ¶ accomplish
the renaissance of the Chinese nation in the 21st century.
Chinese economic downturn leads to Asian wars that escalate to WWIII
Plate 03
[Tom Plate, professor of Policy and Communication Studies, UCLA , WHY NOT INVADE CHINA?
June 30, 2003, p. http://asiamedia.ucla.edu/TomPlate2003/06302003.htm]
But imagine a China disintegrating - on its own, without neo-conservative or Central
Intelligence Agency prompting, much less outright military invasion because the economy
(against all predictions) suddenly collapses. That would knock Asia into chaos. A massive flood
of refugees would head for Indonesia and other places with poor border controls, which don’t’
want them and cant handle them; some in Japan might lick their lips at the prospect of of
World War II revisited and look to annex a slice of China. That would send Singapore and
Malaysia- once occupied by Japan- into nervous breakdowns. Meanwhile, India might make a
grab for Tibet, and Pakistan for Kashmir. Then you can say hello to World War III, Asia style.
That’s why wise policy encourages Chinese stability, security and economic growth – the very
direction the White House now seems to prefer.
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2NC – Impact – Chinese Economy
Chinese economic decline causes nuclear war—leads to regional confrontation
with Japan, India and Pakistan. Causes escalation to World War 3 with multiple
states that have nuclear weapons—That’s the 1NC Plate evidence
Causes instability and nuclear war
Herbert Yee, Professor of Politics and International Relations at the Hong Kong Baptist
University, and Ian Storey, Lecturer in Defence Studies at Deakin University, 2002, “The China
Threat: Perceptions, Myths and Reality,” RoutledgeCurzon, 5.
The forth factor contributing to the perception of a China threat is the fear of political and
economic collapse in the PRC, resulting in territorial fragmentation, civil war and waves of
refugees pouring into neighbouring countries. Naturally, any or all of these scenarios would
have a profoundly negative impact on regional stability. Today the Chinese leadership faces a
raft of internal problems, including the increasing political demands of its citizens, a growing
population, a shortage of natural resources and a deterioration in the natural environment
caused by rapid industrialization and pollution. These problems are putting a strain on the
central government’s ability to govern effectively. Political disintegration or a Chinese civil war
might result in millions of Chinese refugees seeking asylum in neighbouring countries. Such an
unprecedented exodus of refugees from a collapsed PRC would no doubt put a severe strain on
the limited resources of China’s neighbours. A fragmented China could also result in another
nightmare scenario—nuclear weapons falling into the hands of irresponsible local provincial
leaders or warlords. From this perspective a disintegrating China would also pose a threat to its
neighbours and the world.
And, economic decline causes CCP collapse
Pei 11
[Minxin Pei, Senior Associate in the China Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, “Will the Chinese Communist Party Survive the Crisis? : How Beijing's Shrinking Economy
May Threaten One-Party Rule”, 3/11
http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:q_g56rUqwuIJ:scholar.google.com/+Ec
onomic+Growth+China++CCP+&hl=en&as_sdt=0,51&as_ylo=2008, \\wyo-bb]
Because of the global economic crisis, however, Beijing is in trouble. The problems are numerous: China's
exports are plummeting, tens of millions of migrant laborers have lost their jobs, millions of college graduates cannot find
employment, industrial overcapacity is threatening deflation, and the once red-hot real estate sector has nose-dived. The
country's faltering growth is posing the hardest test yet to the CCP's resilience. To be sure, the
Chinese economy has fared less badly than many others. The country's insulated banking sector remains largely unscathed. Indeed,
the government's fiscal balance sheet is strong enough to fund a $580 billion stimulus package (although only about a quarter
represents genuinely new fiscal spending). China's colossal $1.9 trillion in foreign exchange reserves provide a comfortable insurance
policy against global financial turmoil, and the country should be able to avoid an outright recession. But
a reduced annual
growth rate -- now down to about seven percent from over 11 percent a couple of years ago -will bring enough trouble. Every year, the Chinese labor market grows by more than ten million workers, the bulk of whom
are leaving the countryside for urban areas in search of employment. Each percentage point of GDP growth
translates into roughly one million new jobs a year, which means that China needs GDP to rise
at least ten percent every year in order to absorb the influx of laborers. With no end to the
global crisis in sight, many are wondering how long China's economic doldrums will last and
what the political impact of stagnation will be. The conventional wisdom is that low growth will erode
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the party's political legitimacy and fuel social unrest as jobless migrants and college graduates
vent their frustrations through riots and protests. Although this forecast is not necessarily wrong, it is
incomplete. Strong economic performance has been the single most important source of legitimacy
for the CCP, so prolonged economic stagnation carries the danger of disenchanting a growing
middle class that was lulled into political apathy by the prosperity of the post-Tiananmen
years. And economic policies that favor the rich have already alienated industrial workers and rural peasants, formerly the social
base of the party. Even in recent boom years, grass-roots unrest has been high, with close to 90,000 riots, strikes, demonstrations,
and collective protests reported annually.
Such frustrations will only intensify in hard times.
CCP Collapse goes nuclear
Renxing, 5
(San, The Epoch Times "The CCP's Last-ditch Gamble: Biological and Nuclear War. Hundreds of
millions of deaths proposed", 8/5, http://en.epochtimes.com/news/5-8-5/30931.html),
accessed 6-07-2011, WYO/JF)
Since the Party’s life is “above all else,” it would not be surprising if the CCP resorts to the use
of biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons in its attempt to extend its life. The CCP, which
disregards human life, would not hesitate to kill two hundred million Americans, along with seven
or eight hundred million Chinese, to achieve its ends. These speeches let the public see the
CCP for what it really is. With evil filling its every cell the CCP intends to wage a war against
humankind in its desperate attempt to cling to life. That is the main theme of the speeches.
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2NC – Internal Link – Chinese Economy
Multiple expert governmental decision makers in China confirm that Ocean
development is fundamental to Chinese economic growth—That’s C.C.I.E.D.
There are multiple internal links to the economy:
First, the ocean essential to economic growth—lack of land based resources
C.C.I.C.E.D., 2010
[China Council for international cooperation on the environment and development, Report of
task force at the annual general meeting, Ecosystem Issues and Policy Options Addressing
Sustainable Development of China’s Ocean and Coast,
http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358302221866.pdf
] /Bingham-MB
The next 10-20 years will be a key phase for China’s strategic development and a ¶ critical
period of rapid industrialization and urbanization. It also offers a chance to modify ¶ and
perfect the country’s development patterns. The international and domestic situations that ¶
China now faces are profoundly different than those of just a few years ago. Now, not only ¶
does China have to respond to the global challenges of financial crises and climate change, it ¶
also has to resolve increasingly serious domestic resource shortages and environmental issues
¶ in order to regain a pattern of sustainable development. Furthermore, faced with a depletion
¶ of land-based resources, the knowledgeable development of the ocean and coasts becomes
¶ an essential step on the path toward the sustainable development of the Chinese economy.
¶ 1.1 Oceans-The Basis for China’s Sustainable Development ¶ China is an important coastal
country with a continental coastline of more than 18 000 km. ¶ It possesses 6 900 islands48
having an area of more than 500 m2¶ . China has a claimed ¶ jurisdictional sea area 49,50,51,52
of 3.0 million km2 including 380 000 km2¶ of territorial seas. ¶ The ocean, coasts, and offshore
marine environments are therefore an important piece of the ¶ challenge for the sustainable
development of China. The wealth of natural marine resources ¶ and the enormous value of
marine ecosystem services are — and must continue to be an ¶ important contributor to the
nation’s socio-economic development.
Second, it is the fastest growing sector of the economy—jobs and GDP
C.C.I.C.E.D., 2010
[China Council for international cooperation on the environment and development, Report of
task force at the annual general meeting, Ecosystem Issues and Policy Options Addressing
Sustainable Development of China’s Ocean and Coast,
http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358302221866.pdf
] /Bingham-MB
Since the 1990s, China has included the development of marine resources as an ¶ important
theme within the nation’s development strategy and has used the development of ¶ the
marine economy as a major vehicle to help revive China’s economy. China is placing ¶
increasing importance on marine resources, environmental protection, marine management,
¶ and marine industries – allowing marine development to become one of the fastest growing
¶ sectors of the Chinese economy. ¶ In the 21st century, the contribution of the marine sector
to regional economic ¶ development has grown increasingly prominent. In 2008, total marine
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China CP – Pre-Institute
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revenue54 reached ¶ 2.97 trillion yuan, accounting for 9.87% of the national GDP and 15.8% of
the coastal ¶ provinces GDP 55. ¶ This rapid development of the marine economy has promoted
employment in coastal ¶ areas. The workforce in marine-related industries has expanded
from 21.1 million people in ¶ 2001 to 32.2 million people in 2008, accounting for 4.15% of the
total national workforce ¶ and 10.3% of the coastal workforce in 2008 56. ¶ More importantly,
the Chinese economy is currently highly dependent on an open ¶ global marine economy as
China houses five of the world’s 10 largest container ports. ¶ Nineteen percent of the world’s
bulk goods are shipped to China and 22% of the world’s ¶ containers transporting exports come
from China. China’s merchant vessels are found in ¶ more than 1 200 ports internationally, and
together they form an import-export economic ¶ structure that is utterly dependent on the
world’s oceans. ¶ In the past 30 years of Chinese economic reform, the structure of marine
industries has ¶ undergone profound changes. Where marine salt and fisheries were once the
leading ¶ industries, now the five most important (main) players are: marine transportation;
marine ¶ tourism; fisheries; offshore oil and gas; and shipbuilding. Other industry sector players ¶
including marine energy, seawater resources, marine engineering, biopharmaceuticals, and ¶
marine science and education are now also playing an important supporting role. The five ¶ main
marine industries contributed about 91% of the marine primary industry revenues in ¶ 2008 57. ¶
Projections show that by 2020, the revenue generated by the Chinese marine primary ¶
industries will reach 5.34 trillion yuan accounting for 7% of the projected national GDP. One ¶
should note that this represents an expected 100% growth in the sector during the next ¶
decade.
Third, the ocean is key to multiple other industries
C.C.I.C.E.D., 2010
[China Council for international cooperation on the environment and development, Report of
task force at the annual general meeting, Ecosystem Issues and Policy Options Addressing
Sustainable Development of China’s Ocean and Coast,
http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358302221866.pdf
] /Bingham-MB
Coastal areas are now also heading into a new stage of industrialization. Local ¶ governments of
coastal administrations are introducing a full range of supporting policies ¶ and measures,
creating an upsurge of marine-related development. At the same time, in ¶ response to the
global financial crisis, the Central Government has introduced a series of¶ important policies
some of which aim to satisfy domestic land demand and to ensure ¶ economic growth and the
adjustment of infrastructure to suit future development ¶ expectations. ¶ In 2009, China
introduced several key industrial revitalization plans for steel ¶ production, shipbuilding,
automobile and equipment manufacturing, and the result has been ¶ significant restructuring.
Looking at long-term development, there will continue to be ¶ large-scale relocation of
petrochemical, steel, shipbuilding, and thermal and nuclear power ¶ industries into coastal
areas, making the continuing industrialization and urbanization of ¶ these regions inevitable. In
the new industrial development of coastal areas, the five main ¶ industries will be: heavy
industries, ports and logistics, shipbuilding and marine engineering, ¶ modernized fisheries, and
marine tourism – all of which are expected to undergo rapid ¶ change. These major
developments are obviously linked with the ocean and coasts and will ¶ require ongoing
access to marine areas and resources to fuel their progress.
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China CP – Pre-Institute
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2NC Materials
Weber State Debate Institute
China CP – Pre-Institute
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2NC – AT: Perm Do Both
1. Any permutation would like to our disadvantages that link to USFG action
(Politics, spending, etc).
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2NC – AT: International Fiat Bad
International fiat is legitimate
1. Tests USFG warrant—the topic demands justification for United States action
on ocean exploration and development, if the aff can’t defend the USFG they
should lose
2. Neg ground—Agent generics are key to negative strategy—this is a massive
topic with two broad mechanisms international fiat is key
3. It is fair—only agent that is equal to the power of the USFG is an
international actor, state actors or other actors within the United States can’t
compete with the USFG
4. Real world—should determine the costs and benefits between different
actors on a global issue like ocean policy
5. Literature checks abuse—if we can find a solvency advocate for an
international actor the aff has the opportunity to research against it, infinite
prep time solves any abuse
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China CP – Pre-Institute
19
2NC – AT: Environment Turn
Governmental administration solves environmental problems
C.C.I.C.E.D., 2010
[China Council for international cooperation on the environment and development, Report of
task force at the annual general meeting, Ecosystem Issues and Policy Options Addressing
Sustainable Development of China’s Ocean and Coast,
http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358302221866.pdf
] /Bingham-MB
It is in the nature of environmental issues that they do not respect administrative ¶ boundaries,
therefore various government administrations are exploring new co-management ¶
arrangements for land, estuarine, coastal, and sea area activities to better address marine¶
environmental issues. For example, on the 2nd March 2010, the Ministry of Environmental ¶
Protection and the SOA signed an agreement that signifies China’s formation of a new ¶
environmental protection system for coastal land and seas. According to the agreement, both ¶
parties will strengthen communication and collaboration in nine areas, including monitoring ¶
nitrogen, phosphorus, petroleum and heavy metal pollution in key sea areas. The Ministry of
¶ Environmental Protection has already initiated environmental impact assessments for key ¶
strategic developments in the areas around the Bohai Sea, the economic zone on the western ¶
coast of the Taiwan Straits and in the Beibu Gulf economic rim.
Climate change makes the impact inevitable
C.C.I.C.E.D., 2010
[China Council for international cooperation on the environment and development, Report of
task force at the annual general meeting, Ecosystem Issues and Policy Options Addressing
Sustainable Development of China’s Ocean and Coast,
http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358302221866.pdf
] /Bingham-MB
However, there are key questions that remain unresolved concerning how the impacts ¶ on
estuaries and coastal habitats caused by major hydraulic engineering projects interact ¶ with
other influencing factors, such as climate change and human disturbances. ¶ 3.2.6 Sea level,
temperature rise and ocean acidification as potential new threats ¶ Climate change influences
many well known aspects of the marine environment, ¶ including sea level, sea temperature
and ocean acidification111. It is projected that changes to ¶ these will influence the health of
the marine ecosystems and also the sustainable ¶ development of Chinese society. Due to the
geography of coastal regions and the level of ¶ human activity there, the impacts of climate
change will be more pronounced in these areas. ¶ In the past decades changes to sea levels have
already been observed, and it is anticipated ¶ that future climate change will bring even more
serious impacts.
Chinese ocean development essential to multiple factors critical to human
survival
C.C.I.C.E.D., 2010
[China Council for international cooperation on the environment and development, Report of
task force at the annual general meeting, Ecosystem Issues and Policy Options Addressing
Sustainable Development of China’s Ocean and Coast,
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China CP – Pre-Institute
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http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358302221866.pdf
] /Bingham-MB
China’s offshore and coastal environment provides an array of resources for peoples’ ¶
livelihoods, including biological resources, minerals, pathways for transportation, ¶ locations
for port development, and tourism assets. It is estimated that the ocean supplies ¶ more than
20% of the nation’s animal sources of protein; 23% of its oil and 29% of its ¶ natural gas
reserves53; as well as providing pleasing locations for recreation. Apart from ¶ direct economic
values, China’s ocean and coastal environments offer countless habitats ¶ that contain a
wealth of biological and genetic diversity, along with providing ecosystem ¶ services such as
nutrient recycling, detoxification and shoreline protection. Further, the ¶ ocean also plays a
key role in carbon sequestration, regulating the water cycle and climate, ¶ and is a major
source of oxygen. These services are vital for human survival and ¶ development.
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2NC – AT: Competitiveness Turn
No risk of US competitiveness decline
Zakaria ‘8 Fareed Zakaria, Editor of Newsweek International, 2008, “The Future of American
Power: How America Can Survive the Rise of the Rest,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 18
U.S. military power is not the cause of its strength but the consequence. The fuel is the United
States' economic and technological base, which remains extremely strong. The United
States does face larger, deeper, and broader challenges than it has ever faced in its history, and
it will undoubtedly lose some share of global GDP. But the process will look nothing like Britain's
slide in the twentieth century, when the country lost the lead in innovation, energy, and
entrepreneurship. The United States will remain a vital, vibrant economy, at the forefront
of the next revolutions in science, technology, and industry. In trying to understand how
the United States will fare in the new world, the first thing to do is simply look around: the
future is already here. Over the last 20 years, globalization has been gaining breadth and
depth. More countries are making goods, communications technology has been leveling
the playing field, capital has been free to move across the world--and the United States
has benefited massively from these trends. Its economy has received hundreds of
billions of dollars in investment, and its companies have entered new countries and
industries with great success. Despite two decades of a very expensive dollar, U.S. exports
have held ground, and the World Economic Forum currently ranks the United States as the
world's most competitive economy. GDP growth, the bottom line, has averaged lust over
three percent in the United States for 25 years, significantly higher than in Europe or Japan.
Productivity growth, the elixir of modern economics, has been over 2.5 percent for a
decade now, a full percentage point higher than the European average. This superior growth
trajectory might be petering out, and perhaps U.S. growth will be more typical for an advanced
industrialized country for the next few years. But the general point--that the United States is
a highly dynamic economy at the cutting edge, despite its enormous size--holds.
Data disproves hegemony impacts
Fettweis, 11
Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free
Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–
332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship between the
relative level of U.S. activism and international stability. In fact, the limited data we do have
suggest the opposite may be true. During the 1990s, the United States cut back on its defense spending fairly
substantially. By 1998, the United States was spending $100 billion less on defense in real
terms than it had in 1990.51 To internationalists, defense hawks and believers in hegemonic stability, this
irresponsible “peace dividend” endangered both national and global security. “No serious analyst of American military capabilities,”
argued Kristol and Kagan, “doubts that the defense budget has been cut much too far to meet America’s responsibilities to itself and
to world peace.”52 On the other hand, if the pacific trends were not
based upon U.S. hegemony but a
strengthening norm against interstate war, one would not have expected an increase
in global instability and violence. The verdict from the past two decades is fairly plain: The world grew
more peaceful while the United States cut its forces. No state seemed to believe that its
security was endangered by a less-capable United States military, or at least none took any
action that would suggest such a belief. No militaries were enhanced to address
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power vacuums, no security dilemmas drove insecurity or arms races, and no
regional balancing occurred once the stabilizing presence of the U.S. military was
diminished. The rest of the world acted as if the threat of international war was not a pressing concern, despite the reduction
in U.S. capabilities. Most of all, the United States and its allies were no less safe. The incidence and magnitude of global conflict
declined while the United States cut its military spending under President Clinton, and kept declining as the Bush Administration
ramped the spending back up. No complex statistical analysis should be necessary to reach the conclusion that the two are
unrelated. Military spending figures by themselves are insufficient to disprove a connection between overall U.S. actions and
international stability. Once again, one could presumably argue that spending is not the only or even the best indication of
hegemony, and that it is instead U.S. foreign political and security commitments that maintain stability. Since neither was
significantly altered during this period, instability should not have been expected. Alternately, advocates of hegemonic stability
could believe that relative rather than absolute spending is decisive in bringing peace. Although the United States cut back on its
spending during the 1990s, its relative advantage never wavered. However, even
if it is true that either U.S.
commitments or relative spending account for global pacific trends, then at the very least stability can evidently
be maintained at drastically lower levels of both. In other words, even if one can be allowed to argue in the alternative for a moment
and suppose that there is in
fact a level of engagement below which the United States cannot
drop without increasing international disorder, a rational grand strategist would still
recommend cutting back on engagement and spending until that level is determined.
Grand strategic decisions are never final; continual adjustments can and must be made as time
goes on. Basic logic suggests that the United States ought to spend the minimum amount of its blood and treasure while seeking the
maximum return on its investment. And if the current era of stability is as stable as many believe it to be, no increase in conflict
would ever occur irrespective of U.S. spending, which would save untold trillions for an increasingly debt-ridden nation. It is also
perhaps worth noting that if opposite trends had unfolded, if other states had reacted to news of cuts in U.S. defense spending with
more aggressive or insecure behavior, then internationalists would surely argue that their expectations had been fulfilled.
If
increases in conflict would have been interpreted as proof of the wisdom of
internationalist strategies, then logical consistency demands that the lack thereof
should at least pose a problem. As it stands, the only evidence we have regarding the likely
systemic reaction to a more restrained United States suggests that the current
peaceful trends are unrelated to U.S. military spending. Evidently the rest of the world
can operate quite effectively without the presence of a global policeman. Those who
think otherwise base their view on faith alone.
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2NC – AT: Air Pollution Turn
Air pollution has no negative impact – Multiple studies prove
Schwartz 03
Scholar @ Competitive Enterprise Institute [Joel Schwartz, “Particulate Air Pollution: weighing the risks” April
http://cei.org/pdf/3452.pdf/] Kevin W. Prep ‘11
PM and other air pollutants have been declining for decades. Current trends in vehicle-fleet turnover
and already-adopted regulations for industrial sources of pollution ensure continued pollution declines in coming years. The
case for long-term harm from current levels is relatively weak, while short-term changes in PM levels likely shorten life by no
more than a matter of days. Despite this relatively optimistic picture, the
public’s view of air pollution is just
the opposite of reality. Numerous polls show most Americans believe that air pollution has
been getting worse or will get worse in the future, and that air pollution is a serious threat to
most people’s health.136 One reason for Americans’ misperception may be a series of reports
from activist groups featuring alarmist rhetoric and misleading portrayals of air pollution
levels and health effects.137 These reports come under scary titles such as “Darkening Skies;” “Death, Disease and Dirty
Power;” and “Power to Kill;” and claim that power plant PM pollution causes 30,000 deaths per year, mainly from coal-fired
power plants in the eastern United States. Each of
these reports sources the 30,000 deaths claim
back to a study commissioned by the Clean Air Task Force, a coalition of
environmental groups, and carried out by consultants from Abt Associates.138 The Abt study bases its PM-induced
mortality estimates on PM2.5 effects reported in the ACS cohort study. But, as shown above, the ACS results are likely
spurious, suffering from confounding by non-pollution factors not accounted for in the ACS analysis. In addition, the Veterans
study and the County study concluded that PM2.5 either has no effect on long-term mortality, or that the threshold for harm is
somewhere above 20 μg/m3—well above PM2.5 levels at 97 percent of U.S. monitoring locations. Furthermore, the
areas
that do have PM2.5 greater than 20 μg/m3 are mainly located in southern California and California’s
southern Central Valley, where there are no coal-fired power plants and electricity
generation produces no sulfur dioxide and contributes only about 2 percent of
regional NOx emissions. The evidence from toxicology studies also shows that
sulfates—the portion of PM from coal-fired power plants—have no effect on health.
Indeed, inhaled magnesium sulfate is used therapeutically to treat asthmatics. Given this
evidence, the Abt report and the activist reports derived from it have vastly exaggerated
the health damage from current levels of PM pollution and the health effects of power plant emissions.
Readers of these reports would also never know that PM levels have been dropping
and will continue to drop. For example, the Public Interest Research Group’s (PIRG) “Darkening Skies” reports that
300 power plants increased their SO2 emissions between 1995 and 2000. Once emitted, some SO2 gets converted into sulfate
particulates through chemical reactions in the atmosphere. But PIRG never mentions that overall SO2 emissions declined 33
percent between 1973 and 1999; that total power plant SO2 emissions declined 29 percent from 1990 to 2000; and that
federal law requires an additional 20 percent SO2 reduction from power plants between 2000 and 2010.139 PIRG also fails to
mention that sulfate PM
levels across the eastern U.S. have declined by 10 to 40 percent
since the late 1980s, due to these SO2 reductions.140 Indeed, “Darkening Skies” contains no
information at all on actual trends in pollutant emissions or actual PM levels in any
community, despite the wealth of data available from hundreds of monitoring
locations in populated areas around the country. Instead of providing the public with
a realistic assessment of air quality, PIRG’s report misleads readers to draw
conclusions grossly at odds with reality. Other activistgroup reports followed similar recipes, using
superficially scary, but misleading statistics, while omitting information on actual air pollution levels, trends, and risks.141
Air pollution has many alt causes
Brook et al 04
M.D. and several other doctors writing for Circulation magazine from the American Heart
Association [Circulation magazine Robert D. Brook, “Air Pollution and the Cardiovascular
Disease” June 1, 2004, http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/109/21/2655#SEC1/] k
ward
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A brief description of several individual air pollutants is provided first for
background. A complete discussion is beyond the scope of this statement, and interested readers may find a more
comprehensive review on this subject elsewhere.26 Particulate Matter Airborne Particulate Matter consists
of a heterogeneous mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in air, continually
varying in size and chemical composition in space and time (Figure 1). Primary particles are emitted directly into the
atmosphere, such as diesel soot, whereas secondary particles are created through physicochemical transformation of gases,
such as nitrate and sulfate formation from gaseous nitric acid and sulfur dioxide (SO2), respectively. The numerous
natural and anthropogenic sources of PM include motor vehicle emissions, tire
fragmentation and resuspension of road dust, power generation and other industrial
combustion, smelting and other metal processing, agriculture, construction and
demolition activities, residential wood burning, windblown soil, pollens and molds,
forest fires and combustion of agricultural debris, volcanic emissions, and sea spray.
Although there are thousands of chemicals that have been detected in PM in different locations, some of the more common
constituents include nitrates, sulfates, elemental and organic carbon, organic compounds (eg, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons), biological compounds (eg, endotoxin, cell fragments), and a variety of metals (eg, iron, copper, nickel, zinc, and
vanadium).
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Aff Answers
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2AC – China CP
1. Perm do both—China will cooperate with other nations in ocean
development
Xinhua Net, 12-10-13
[Staff writer, China supports building of harmonious ocean: UN envoy,
http://www.ecns.cn/voices/2013/12-10/92072.shtml] /Bingham-MB
China stands ready to promote the creation of a harmonious ocean together with other
nations, said a Chinese envoy to the UN on Monday.¶ "Issues related to oceans and the law of
the sea have attracted more attention from the international society this year," said Liu Jieyi,
China's permanent representative to the UN, at a UN General Assembly meeting on Oceans and
the Law of the Sea.¶ "China is ready to further promote the construction of a harmonious
ocean together with other nations," said Liu, adding that based on the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea and other international laws, China will work to contribute to
the peace, security and openness of oceans.¶ Liu said that China highly commends the
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) for its contribution to a balanced
handling of the legitimate rights and interests of coastal states and the overall interests of the
international community.
2. International fiat is illegitimate
Not predictable—infinite amount of actors that the neg could fiat
No literature—no one write articles about a forced choice between Chinese and
United States policy because no policy maker would have to make that choice
Not educational—international counterplans reduce the debate down to US
key warrants which are generic to ANY topic—prefer strategies that promote
topic education
Any reason to reject the counterplan is a reason to reject the team because the
damage has already been done
3. Links to politics—Congress will backlash to the counterplan to scapegoat
China—election year politics supercharges the link
Ross, 9-27-10
[John, Columnist with china.org, What lies behind anti-China rhetoric in Congress?,
http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2010-09/27/content_21018339.htm] /Bingham-MB
So if the economic case makes no sense, what are the real reasons for the Congressional
moves?¶ One obvious answer is the Congressional elections. Politicians love to distract
attention from social problems by blaming some group or other. In France we have seen
President Sarkozy, plummeting in the polls, ordering the expulsion of Roma – and being
condemned by the European parliament. Not only are such expulsions illegal in the European
Union, but they are totally irrelevant to the economic issues confronting France. In the U.S.,
some politicians have decided that the role of scapegoat should be assigned to China. It is a
common and disreputable type of politics.
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4. No solvency—Chinese management leads to inadequate management and
enforcement—causes waste of resources and poor decision making that
undermine ocean development
C.C.I.C.E.D., 2010
[China Council for international cooperation on the environment and development, Report of
task force at the annual general meeting, Ecosystem Issues and Policy Options Addressing
Sustainable Development of China’s Ocean and Coast,
http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358302221866.pdf
] /Bingham-MB
Finally, there is a lack of information-sharing mechanisms. On one hand, the nation’s ¶
monitoring and data systems cannot satisfy the full needs for environmental protection ¶
because the monitoring standards are inadequate and enforcement is poor. On the other
hand, ¶ there are many departments who monitor the environmental parameters of marine,
river ¶ basin, and coastal pathways, including for environmental protection, marine quality,
water ¶ quantity, fisheries stock assessments, and marine works. However, different
departments use ¶ different monitoring standards and therefore generate different statistics.
In some cases, conflicting situations arise, and therefore monitoring results are not readily
shared among ¶ departments. Conflicting data pose a great threat to the development of an
adequate marine ¶ management system. Overlapping work between monitoring agencies,
and the lack of ¶ transparency of the data, cause a waste of resources and clearly contribute
to poor decision ¶ making at the end of the day.
5. United States development is key—(reference 1AC evidence here)
And, Ocean development key to US competitiveness
Yeosu Expo, 12-13-2011
[Expo 2012 Yeosu Korea, Among the world’s three greatest festivals, the Olympics, FIFA World
Cup, and the World Expo, the one with the most outreaching impact is by far, the Expo. Coming
May 12 to August 12, 2012, a World Expo will be held in Korea’s southern city of Yeosu for three
months. With the theme The Living Ocean and Coast, Expo 2012 Yeosu Korea will be a
monumental event where all related technologies and knowledge on the“ocean,” the beginning
of all sources of life and the treasure chest of abundant resources, come together. Marking 20
years since the Daejeon Expo 1993, the Yeosu Expo will be the second internationally recognized
exposition hosted by Korea, SEA, THE FUTURE TREASURE,
http://2012expo.wordpress.com/2011/12/13/sea-the-future-treasure/] /Bingham-MB
As many policy makers of countries around the world have come to see the ocean industry as
one of the most promising growth engines in the future, even more so than the aerospace
industry, they have established strategies to strengthen their maritime policy. Ultimately this
has been done for the purpose of integration, which would result in the creation of new wealth
through the expansion ocean territory while at the same time quickly responding to a sharply
changing marine environment. ¶ Sea, a 2nd Pax Americana¶ The US government has labeled the
three long-term visions of ocean, universe and cyber sectors as the top priorities for its national
development and competitiveness, which means they highly regard the ocean industry as the
basis and the future of the economy. And in fact, the ocean industry of America has created
28,000 jobs, accounting for 17% of the total jobs.
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Competitiveness is key to U.S. Hegemony
Segal, 04’
Adam Segal, Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow in China Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. “Practical Engagement:
Drawing a Fine Line for U.S.-China Trade,” The Washington Quarterly 2004 Summer
The brevity of the list of technologies the United States should try and control is the product of two
processes that have occurred over the last 10 years: the increasing importance of commercial producers
in R&D and the globalization of technological innovation. Unlike during the Cold War, government
spending and procurement no longer play a dominant role in commercial R&D, especially in
IT sectors. In the 1970s, the major semiconductor manufacturers were essentially government defense contractors; the
Pentagon was the source of almost 50 percent of the funding for semiconductor R&D from the 1950s to the 1970s. n29 In 2002,
according to David Rose, director of export, import, and information security affairs at Intel Corporation, all government
procurement (including Defense Department contracts) accounted for less than 1 percent of U.S. semiconductor sales, and that
With the diminishing importance of government funding, private firms play
a greater role in maintaining the United States' national security. Military capabilities are
closely tied to the innovative capabilities of commercial producers. According to a 1999
Defense Science Board Task Force on Globalization and Security, the Defense Department relies
"increasingly on the U.S. commercial advanced technology sector to push the technological
envelope and enable the [department] to 'run faster' than its competitors." n31
number is declining. n30
Solves multiple global nuclear wars
THAYER (Professor of Strategic Studies @ Missouri State) 2007
[Bradley, American Empire: A Debate , P. 108 //wyo-tjc]
The fourth critical fact to consider is that the security provided by the power of the United States creates
stability in international politics. That is vitally important for the world, but easily forgotten. Harvard professor Joseph
Nye often compares the security provided by the United States to oxygen. If it were taken away,
a person would think of nothing else. If the security and sta- bility provided by the United States were taken away,
most countries would be much worse off, and arms races, vicious security competition, and
wars would result. It would be a world without NATO or other key U.S. alliances. We can
imagine easily conflict between traditional rivals like Greece and Turkey, Syria and Israel, India and
Pakistan, Taiwan and China, Russia and Georgia, Hungary and Romania, Armenia and Azerbaijan, and an intense
arms race between China and Japan. In that world, the breakup of Yugoslavia would have been a far bloodier affair
that might have escalated to become another European war. In contrast to what might occur absent U.S. power, we see that the
post-Cold War world dominated by the United States is an era of peace and stability.
6. No impact to Chinese economic crisis
Blackwill, 2009 – former associate dean of the Kennedy School of Government and Deputy
Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategic Planning (Robert,
RAND, “The Geopolitical Consequences of the World Economic Recession—A Caution”,
http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP275.pdf, WEA)
Next, China. Again, five years from today. Did the recession undermine the grip of the Chinese
Communist Party on the People’s Republic of China (PRC)? No. Again, as Lee Kuan Yew stressed in the same recent
speech, “China has proven itself to be pragmatic, resilient and adaptive. The Chinese have
survived severe crises—the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution—few
societies have been so stricken.These are reasons not to be pessimistic.” Did the crisis make
Washington more willing to succumb to the rise of Chinese power because of PRC holdings of U.S. Treasury Bonds? No.
Did it alter China’s basic external direction and especially its efforts, stemming from its own strategic
analysis, to undermine the U.S. alliance system in Asia? No. Did it cause the essence of Asian security to
transform? No.
Weber State Debate Institute
China CP – Pre-Institute
29
7. Environment Turn
Chinese development causes biodiversity loss and ecosystem destruction
C.C.I.C.E.D., 2010
[China Council for international cooperation on the environment and development, Report of
task force at the annual general meeting, Ecosystem Issues and Policy Options Addressing
Sustainable Development of China’s Ocean and Coast,
http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358302221866.pdf
] /Bingham-MB
China’s marine ecological habitats have distinctive regional characteristics and ¶ localized
endemic species. Ecological health is highly dependent on coastal habitats, and ¶ ecosystems
and biological diversity are particularly vulnerable. Due to the rapid ¶ development of marine
industries and the coastal economy during the past three decades, ¶ coastal ecosystems and
their habitats have been under significant threat and have ¶ deteriorated. Even though the
Chinese government has given marine conservation high ¶ priority — including with measures to
prevent the deterioration of marine environments — ¶ existing marine legislation remains much
weaker than similar terrestrial environmental ¶ conservation legislation. Since the end of the
1970s, the health of coastal environments in ¶ China has weakened and ecosystems have
suffered, which is a serious threat to the ¶ sustainable development of China’s ocean and
coasts. Moreover, as rapid development in ¶ coastal areas continues, the effort to ensure the
sustainable development of the ocean and ¶ coasts will encounter many new risks and threats.
Biodiversity loss leads to extinction
Diner, 1994
Military Law Review Winter 1994 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161 LENGTH: 30655 words ARTICLE: THE ARMY
AND THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT: WHO'S ENDANGERING WHOM? NAME: MAJOR DAVID N.
DINER BIO: Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army.
Biologically diverse ecosystems are characterized by a large number of specialist species,
filling narrow ecological niches. These ecosystems inherently are more stable than less diverse
systems. "The more complex the ecosystem, the more successfully it can resist a stress. . . .
[l]ike a net, in which each knot is connected to others by several strands, such a fabric can
resist collapse better than a simple, unbranched circle of threads -- which if cut anywhere
breaks down as a whole." n79 By causing widespread extinctions, humans have artificially
simplified many ecosystems. As biologic simplicity increases, so does the risk of ecosystem
failure. The spreading Sahara Desert in Africa, and the dustbowl conditions of the 1930s in the
United States are relatively mild examples of what might be expected if this trend continues.
Theoretically, each new animal or plant extinction, with all its dimly perceived and intertwined
affects, could cause total ecosystem collapse and human extinction. Each new extinction
increases the risk of disaster. Like a mechanic removing, one by one, the rivets from an
aircraft's wings, n80 [hu]mankind may be edging closer to the abyss.
8. Air Pollution Turn
Chinese ocean development contributes to growth that causes air pollution
Hornby, 4-30-14
Weber State Debate Institute
China CP – Pre-Institute
30
[Lucy, Financial Times Writer, China’s pollution plagues coastal waters, 2
http://uk.news.voxquo.com/noticia-detalhe-media.asp?id=111222&t=China%92spollution-plagues-coastal-waters] /Bingham-MB
Week-long episodes of choking air pollution in the past two winters have helped raise public
awareness of pollution in China and strengthened the hand of those pushing for greater
disclosure as a first step towards addressing the problem.¶ As more Chinese settle into lives of
relative comfort, quality of life issues, including clean air, clean water and safe food are
becoming the focus of public dissatisfaction.¶ Beijing’s new willingness to acknowledge the
extent of China’s pollution accompanies a shift away from GDP growth as one of the main
criteria for official promotion. This quarter, all but one province reported growth figures that fell
well short of 2014 targets originally set a few years ago.¶ A revised environmental protection law
now allows more forceful measures against polluting industries, which in the past held an
undisputed advantage as the main engines of local growth.¶ But even if a more relaxed approach
to growth targets, particularly along the prosperous east coast, means less reliance in future on
polluting industry, China still faces a delayed bill for the damage done to its soil, water and seas.¶
Of the coastal waters surveyed in the 2014 Ocean Development Report, the greatest area was
designated as “inferior to Category IV”, which is the lowest rank deemed “fit for oceanic ports or
industrial zones.” The full report was not made public but main points were summarised in state
media.¶ Concern about mounting environmental damage has still not won out over the desire
to continue pushing the levers of growth as hard as possible. The Ocean Development Report
concluded that China was “underutilising” its marine and undersea resources, in some cases
due to conflicting claims from other nations.
Air pollution leads to extinction
Driesen 3
David. Associate professor at Syracuse Law School. Fall 2002/Spring 2003. Buffalo Environmental
Law Journal. l/n.
Air pollution can make life unsustainable by harming the ecosystem upon which all life
depends and harming the health of both future and present generations. The Rio Declaration
articulates six key principles that are relevant to air pollution. These principles can also be
understood as goals, because they describe a state of affairs [*27] that is worth achieving.
Agenda 21, in turn, states a program of action for realizing those goals. Between them, they aid
understanding of sustainable development's meaning for air quality. The first principle is that
"human beings. . . are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature",
because they are "at the center of concerns for sustainable development." n3 While the Rio
Declaration refers to human health, its reference to life "in harmony with nature" also reflects
a concern about the natural environment. n4 Since air pollution damages both human health
and the environment, air quality implicates both of these concerns. n5
Weber State Debate Institute
China CP – Pre-Institute
31
1AR – Perm Do Both
First, the perm solves development in the US and China, both can cooperate
over the plan
And, this solves the Chinese economy net benefit better because the perm
encourages economic growth in China and the US—one of China’s largest
trading partners
Weber State Debate Institute
China CP – Pre-Institute
32
1AR – Environment Turn
Chinese ocean development causes biodiversity collapse from increasing
pressure on fragile coastal ecosystems—the impact is extinction—each species
is key—that’s Diner
And, Chinese development spurs pollution and hazards that cause
environmental problems
C.C.I.C.E.D., 2010
[China Council for international cooperation on the environment and development, Report of
task force at the annual general meeting, Ecosystem Issues and Policy Options Addressing
Sustainable Development of China’s Ocean and Coast,
http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358302221866.pdf
] /Bingham-MB
The ocean is an extremely important basis for the sustainable development of China's ¶ overall
economy and the well being of its people. It is one form of the nation’s valuable ¶ capital. The
sustainable development of China’s ocean and coasts faces a variety of ¶ ecological and
environmental challenges. First, the complex nature of pollution in the ¶ offshore
environment is worsening. Secondly, marine coastal habitats are degraded and ¶ ecosystems
have undergone drastic changes, which makes this a critical moment to ¶ undertake
protection and restoration. Thirdly, there is a high frequency of marine hazards, ¶ which
represent ongoing threats to marine development. Lastly, the primary economic ¶ coastal
zones are linked with many environmental problems, and represent a potential source ¶ of
new challenges and threats to the upcoming and developing secondary economic coastal ¶
zones.
And environmental protection in China can’t solve
C.C.I.C.E.D., 2010
[China Council for international cooperation on the environment and development, Report of
task force at the annual general meeting, Ecosystem Issues and Policy Options Addressing
Sustainable Development of China’s Ocean and Coast,
http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358302221866.pdf
] /Bingham-MB
At the same time, many marine environmental protection laws in China are concerned ¶ with
the general principles of marine protection and lack specific necessary legal ¶ mechanisms and
procedures; they provide inadequate basis for supervision, monitoring, ¶ reporting,
assessment, and corresponding punitive measures. The result is poor ¶ implementation of
environmental laws.
And, new development triggers multiple scenarios for environmental
destruction and biodiversity loss
C.C.I.C.E.D., 2010
[China Council for international cooperation on the environment and development, Report of
task force at the annual general meeting, Ecosystem Issues and Policy Options Addressing
Sustainable Development of China’s Ocean and Coast,
Weber State Debate Institute
China CP – Pre-Institute
33
http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358302221866.pdf
] /Bingham-MB
The coastal areas of China have undergone four major sea enclosing and reclamation ¶ phases since the founding of the Peoples
Republic of China, including the last two decades, ¶ which have seen huge demand for the construction of cities, ports and industrial
¶ infrastructure. From 1990 to 2008, the total area of reclaimed land has increased from ¶ 8 241 km2 to 13 380 km2¶ , an average
increase of 285 km2¶ annually92 . According to ¶ incomplete statistics, as the new
coastal development strategy unfurls,
there will be a ¶ demand for a further 5 780 km2¶ of sea to be reclaimed by the year 2020, which undoubtedly ¶ will create
severe environmental impacts on coastal ecological environments. ¶ The current sea enclosing and
reclamation projects in China have the following ¶ characteristics: ① A change of the use of the land reclaimed from the sea. The
reasons for ¶ the reclamation of land has changed from sea salt, agriculture, and aquaculture production ¶ into major developments
of ports, harbours, coastal industries, and the development of cities. ¶ Therefore the economic gain from sea reclamation is
dramatically increasing. ② The scale ¶ of sea enclosing and reclamation is increasing at a much faster pace of development. From ¶
1990 to 2008, there was average sea reclamation of 285 km2¶ annually, whereas it will be ¶ more than 500 km2 per year from 2009
to 2020. These figures clearly illustrate an expansion¶ in the scale and rate of reclamation activities. ③ Reclamation activities are
mainly ¶ concentrated along the bays and estuaries of large coastal cities, and have enormous impact ¶ on the environment. Most
project ④ design and evaluation is usually lacking; the approval ¶ period is short; the implementation of the reclamation is fast. It is
difficult to manage and ⑤¶ monitor reclamation activities. Before the establishment of the Law on the Administration of ¶ the Use
of Sea Areas in 2002, there was no regulation or monitoring or compensation ¶ involved in reclamation activities. Since the passing
of that Law in January 2002, the ¶ management of sea reclamation activities has steadily improved, but the actual management ¶
Large-scale sea enclosing and reclamation has
inflicted great damage on the Chinese ¶ marine ecological environment as a result of: ¶ (1) The
loss of coastal wetlands and ecological services. Coastal wetlands provide ¶ important and
valuable ecosystem services such as the purification of water sources, ¶ detoxification, nutrient recycling, habitats
crucial to biodiversity, regulation of atmospheric ¶ composition, and protection of the shoreline. Moreover, marine
and enforcement still faces many issues and problems. ¶
ecosystems, especially ¶ coastal wetlands, are important natural barriers against marine hazards such as flooding. The ¶ activities
related to sea reclamation on coastal areas lead to a decline in coastal wetlands and ¶ a large-scale loss of those essential ecosystem
services, and a diminished capacity of ¶ coastlines to protect against marine hazards. ¶ (2) The
weakening of the carbon
sequestration functions of the ocean and coastal ¶ wetlands influences. Oceans and coastal wetlands play an important role in
the global carbon ¶ cycle. Sea reclamation affects large areas of the coasts and seas. The conversion of coastal ¶ wetlands into
agricultural lands, urban areas and industrial lands will lead to the loss of areas ¶ for carbon sequestration and transform these
places into carbon sources instead. ¶ (3) The loss of habitats and feeding areas for birds. Since 1988, the
reclamation ¶ activities in Shenzhen have destroyed large areas of mangrove forests, including 1.47 km2¶ of ¶ mangroves in the
Futian nature reserve, with a resulting decrease in the number of bird ¶ species from 87 (1992) to 47 (1998), a
decline of 46%93. From 1956 to 1998, Shanghai ¶ Chongming Dongtan has experienced many phases of reclamation resulting in a
total of ¶ 552 km2¶ of reclaimed land. The reclamation activities have shrunk coastal wetlands and ¶ destroyed salt marshes. The
living habitats of wetland birds have been destroyed and food ¶ sources have been removed. The winter populations of Eastern
Curlew, Spotted Redshank ¶ and Mongolian Plover shrank between 1990 and 2001. From the winter of 1986 to the winter ¶ of 1989,
the population of Tundra swans remained at a level of 3 000-3 500 but has steadily ¶ decreased in recent years. Only 51 were found
during the winter of 2000/2001 in Dongtan94. ¶ (4) Decrease in the biological diversity of benthic species . Sea
enclosing and ¶ reclamation work such as dredging and land filling causes dramatic changes to the marine ¶ environment, including
the decline in benthic and community structural change. The ¶ development of the deepwater channel in the Changjiang River
Estuary in 1998 caused a ¶ species diversity decrease of 87%, biomass decrease of 76% and a drop of 66% in average ¶ density, when
monitoring results in May-June 2002 were compared with the baseline ¶ surveys from 1982-1983. In 2002-2004, 15 tonnes of
benthic organisms were returned to the ¶ Changjiang River Estuary in restoration experiments after the construction of the northsouth ¶ dike, although the diversity and biomass were raised, the community structure changed from ¶ crustacean to mollusksdominated95. Sea enclosing and reclamation have also impacted ¶ Jiaozhou Bay, and intertidal species diversity has dropped from
154 in the 1960s to only 17 ¶ in the 1980s, leaving only 1 of the original 14 dominant species close to extinction96. ¶ (5) Coastal
landscape diversity damaged. After sea enclosing and reclamation is ¶ completed, artificial landscapes replace natural
landscapes and valuable coastal and island ¶ landscape scenery and resources are damaged during the process. Currently, studies in
¶ Liaoning Province, Laizhou Bay in Shandong Province and other areas have gathered ¶ evidence of coastal wetland shrinkage, loss
of wetland patches, decrease in wetland scenic ¶ diversity and evenness, and high rates of fragmentation and human disturbance.
The loss of ¶ coastal landscape diversity has led to an increase in the vulnerability of ecological ¶ environments97. ¶ (6) Damage
of fish habitats leads to unsustainable fishery resources. Most breeding and ¶ feeding habitats of fishes are in offshore shallow
seas or estuaries, where most of China’s sea ¶ enclosing and reclamation takes place. During large-scale sea enclosing and
reclamation ¶ projects, the high concentration of suspended particles causes damage to fish eggs and ¶ juveniles. The destruction of
breeding habitats causes difficulties in recruitment, which leads ¶ to negative impacts on the sustainable development of fishery
resources. Reclamation ¶ projects also lead to a change in hydrological characteristics, affecting the migration of ¶ fishes, damaging
the habitats of fishery populations, and causing a decline in fishery ¶ resources. For example, Fujian Mindong’s Sandou Ao,
Weber State Debate Institute
China CP – Pre-Institute
34
Guangjing Yang, Minnan’s Wuzhou ¶ Island, Green Island, and Tseung Kwan O are spawning areas of the large yellow croaker; ¶ Min
and Jiulong Rivers are important areas for the juveniles and also for migrating adult ayu ¶ fish. Xinghua Bay, Meizhou Bay, Guanjing
Yang and Xiamen Harbour are the main ¶ spawning areas of Japanese Spanish Mackerel. The various embankments for sea
enclosures ¶ have transformed harbours and beaches into land and changed the coastal hydrology and sea ¶ bottom, all of which
damages spawning, fishing and nursery areas and leads to a decline of ¶ fishery resources98. ¶ (7) Decline in water purification
services, exacerbating coastal pollution. Large-scale sea ¶ enclosing and reclamation projects directly cause marine
pollution through industrial wastes. ¶ The modification of coastlines and changes in the coastal hydrodynamic system weaken the ¶
resilience of the marine environment. In recent years, the increase in the occurrence of HABs ¶ in the western harbour of Xiamen
can be correlated with the large-scale reclamation work ¶ around Xiamen Island. The reclamation activities around Hong Kong’s
Victoria harbour ¶ caused the accumulation of pollutants, exacerbating marine environmental pollution. ¶ (8) Increased risk
of marine disaster. Sea enclosing and land reclamation increases the ¶ risk of coastal land subsidence and coastal erosion,
and weakens the ability of protection ¶ services for marine hazards.
Weber State Debate Institute
China CP – Pre-Institute
35
1AR – No Solvency
No solvency—China lacks management and enforcement, this causes poor
policy decisions that undermine development—That’s the 2AC evidence
And, they lack comprehensiveness to provide effective guidance for
development
C.C.I.C.E.D., 2010
[China Council for international cooperation on the environment and development, Report of
task force at the annual general meeting, Ecosystem Issues and Policy Options Addressing
Sustainable Development of China’s Ocean and Coast,
http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358302221866.pdf
] /Bingham-MB
Secondly, even though China has an adequate suite of marine legislation, the overall ¶ system
lacks comprehensiveness, particularly when it comes to a coordinated approach to ¶ marine
environmental protection. The existing series of marine-related laws and legislation ¶ are
aimed at supporting development, industry protection, and the management of specific ¶
individual marine resources. They overlook other resources and industries, and there is a ¶
clear lack of a coordinated National Marine Strategy to provide guidance to policy makers. ¶
On the other hand, while the content and structure of many pieces of legislation emphasize ¶
shared high level marine protection issues, they lack specific solutions to the range of ¶
different regional problems that arise. The existing legislation cannot adapt to the needs of a
¶ modern integrated marine management system, especially with regard to region-specific ¶
marine environmental management challenges.
And they lack policy coordination for effective development
C.C.I.C.E.D., 2010
[China Council for international cooperation on the environment and development, Report of
task force at the annual general meeting, Ecosystem Issues and Policy Options Addressing
Sustainable Development of China’s Ocean and Coast,
http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358302221866.pdf
] /Bingham-MB
There is as well the vital need for a coordination mechanism between marine ¶ management
and the Chinese economy. For example, local governments responsible for ¶ managing coastal
areas have developed their own individual economic development plans ¶ and there is a clear
trend toward the rapid development of heavy industries all along the ¶ coasts. Even though
there are environmental impact assessment requirements, these only ¶ give consideration to
single projects and do not currently consider the cumulative impacts of ¶ numerous projects in a
single area. There is a lack of integration between policies on the ¶ protection of the marine
environment and localised economic development.
Weber State Debate Institute
China CP – Pre-Institute
36
1AR – Links to Politics
The counterplan would cause fights in Congress—leads to scapegoating China—
that’s 2AC Ross evidence
Links to politics—sparks neo-conservative backlash
Ross, 9-27-10
[John, Columnist with china.org, What lies behind anti-China rhetoric in Congress?,
http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2010-09/27/content_21018339.htm] /Bingham-MB
But there is a more deep seated reason. Sometime this century, the U.S. will drop from being
the largest economy in the world to being the third largest – after China and India. The shift is
inevitable – dictated by economics and simple arithmetic. China and India both have four times
the population of the U.S. When their per capita GDP reaches more than one quarter that of the
U.S., their economies will overtake the U.S.¶ Anyone in the U.S. trying to prevent this is
attempting the impossible. To demand the US remains the world's largest economy is to
demand the average person in India or China never enjoys even a quarter of average US living
standards. It requires no skill to guess the outcome if this proposition were put to the vote in
China or India.¶ For ordinary Americans what matters is their income, not the absolute size of US
GDP. In real terms, several countries, for example Norway and Singapore, already have higher
per capita GDPs than the U.S. Even on the most optimistic assumptions, China won't catch up
with US living standards until the second half of the century and India will get there even later.
But when it happens, both China and India will have economies four times the size of the U.S.,
and the world will look a totally different place. Everyone, incidentally, will be a lot more
prosperous than they are today.¶ Unfortunately, US neo-conservatives think in terms of power
politics not living standards. They are determined that the U.S. will continue to have the
largest economy in the world, even if this means people in China and India have their living
standards restricted. Since people with such primitive political ideas have no policies to speed
up US economic growth, they turn instead to thinking about how to slow down China, regardless
of the consequences for the living standards of its people.¶ Given this interpretation, the
manoeuvres in Congress make perfect sense. Tariffs against China will not create US jobs but
they will do some, although fortunately not serious, damage to China. (Almost 80 percent of
China's exports now go to countries other than the U.S.)¶ When judging policies we need to ask
"cui bono" - who benefits? American workers will not benefit from tariffs against China. Neither
will the Chinese population. Only US neo-cons, with their vain hopes of preventing India and
China overtaking the U.S., stand to gain.¶ China's leaders have so far responded to the foolish
Congressional attacks with wisdom, firmness and restraint. It is in the interest of everyone that
they continue to do so.¶ The people of China and India have exactly the same right to a high
standard of living as the American people – no more and no less. Moves in the US Congress are
not the first, and regrettably they will not be the last, distasteful attempt to prevent them
achieving it. Apply the test of "who benefits" and it becomes clear why arguments that lack all
economic logic are being put forward in Congress.
Weber State Debate Institute
China CP – Pre-Institute
37
1AR – AT: Chinese Economy Net Benefit
There is no impact to economic decline in China. Our Blackwill evidence cites
multiple economic crises in China that didn’t undermine security in Asia or the
government of China
And, no CCP lashout or war impact
Twining 13—Senior Fellow for Asia at the German Marshall Fund of the United States. PhD in
IR from Oxford (5/3/13, Dan, The dangerous domestic politics of U.S.-China relations,
shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/05/03/the_dangerous_domestic_politics_of_us_china_r
elations)
There are, however, powerful countervailing factors that mitigate the likelihood of all-out conflict.
These include the deep interdependence of the American and Chinese economies. Given its
export dependency, shallow financial markets, and questionable domestic resiliency, any
conflict would likely bankrupt China first.
Indeed, we have seen in China's own history how external conflicts have often led to internal rebellion
and even revolution -- a prospect its rulers fear more than any other . Any actual decision by China's
leaders to engage in direct military conflict with the United States would be very likely to lead to the downfall of
the Communist regime that has governed the country since 1949. This link between the regime's external and internal
insecurities is an Achilles' heel that gives the United States and other democracies facing military
pressure from China -- Japan over the Senkakus, India over parts of Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh -- a potentially decisive strategic
advantage.
And, No Chinese economy collapse—their evidence is just media hype
Weinburg 14
Weinburg, Carl: founder and chief economist with High Frequency Economics. "High Frequency
Economics: Forget about Collapse of China." - Barron's. Barrons, 9 May 2014. Web. 13 May
2014.
<http://online.barrons.com/news/articles/SB50001424053111904732704579551711288306436
>.
The umpteen-billionth book predicting the inevitable demise of China's economy just crossed our desk. Naysaying China's
economy has been a popular sport for years, but it has persistently been wrong. When does blood
sport that draws no blood become boring? Sure, China's economy has slowed three times in the 33 years for
which quasi-reliable data are available. However, it has not contracted since it "took-off" on a
path of modernization in 1979. Simon Kuznets' study of a dozen-and-a-half historical cases shows no instances of
modernization stalling once the conditions for take-off have been realized. Over the last three-plus decades, China's
GDP growth has averaged 9.7% per year. What other country can say the same? By all measures, China's GDP is
catching up with that of the United States and Europe, and the day it surpasses those economies is within the realm of imagination.
If you believe the World Bank's International Comparison Project results, just updated to a 2011 benchmark, China's
real GDP
was already equal to 87% of the U.S. economy in 2011. Based on national estimates of growth since then, and
taking a view on how this year will turnout, China could overtake the United States in real economic size this year. Rather than
accept this inevitability, analysts find a better "sell" for stories that foretell China's economic
collapse. These are all big headline eye catchers: Growth is unbalanced. Banks are unstable. The currency is undervalued. The
environment is too polluted. Demographics are unsupportive. Energy is not available. Commodity supplies cannot rise to support
China's growth. Each of these theories leads to a bitter end to China's rush to modernization. The very
best sellers in this genre suggest China's failure will bring down the entire global economy, through trade and financial system links.
Weber State Debate Institute
China CP – Pre-Institute
38
That is Stephen Roach's contention in his new book, Unbalanced: The Codependency of America and China. Codependency is a bad
thing in psychology, so we are told that it must be a bad thing in economics, too. But economists
have their own word
for co-dependency—trade. Psychologists also have a thing about denial. Wouldn't it be healthier to accept
that China will become the world's largest economy sooner rather than later? Economic
measurements will keep the United States at number two, with Euroland a distant number three, in the time of our children and
grandchildren. Perhaps the West should focus on building its niche in a very different world, rather than insisting that the China's
modernization will seize up soon. This
is not an economic contest that is being lost. That is the wrong way to
think about it. China's population is four times that of either the U.S. or Euroland. So it stands to reason that its GDP
ought to be four times bigger when its modernization is complete. The two legacy economic superpowers
will still boast GDP-per-capita four times that of China when aggregate GDP levels cross. Also, the quality of life in China will be a lot
lower than in Europe or the U.S., even when income-per-capita levels catch up: Modernization is not pretty. Recall how the late 19th
and early 20th centuries looked in the U.S. and Europe. That is how China's industrial sector looks on the inside today, and it will
continue to be a harsh place for some time. However, conditions
and wages for workers in factories will
continue to be a lot better than on the farm, so workers will continue to rush into cities. But
those cities may not be ready to receive them. China grows through urbanization, but it pays a price for a too-rapid transition: I t will
sacrifice environmental concerns for rapid economic progress. The gap between the richest and the poorest will remain
uncomfortably wide during the modernization drive. Infrastructure will take decades to catch up. Gross domestic product does not
capture quality of life, but China will still be a mighty force in the world. The historian Barbara Tuchman proposed
measuring the wealth of medieval European duchies by the number of knights they could support. When China's GDP reaches that
of the U.S., it will be able to field an army of equal size. It will be able to afford just as many aircraft carrier groups, and it will be able
to fly just as many jet fighters and drones. China will have access to the same military technology, too. The strongest path for the
West must be to establish common political ground with China and a mutually beneficial eco-nomic framework for coexistence as
soon as possible, before the playing field levels. Thus, we
find ourselves thinking about co-dependency in a
positive light. Specialization in economic activity and mutually beneficial exchange is a key
benefit of trade between nations. Political scientists gauge alliances by complementarity of spheres of strength
between powers. Diplomacy is based on a two-way exchange of the strengths of one nation to offset the weaknesses of the other.
Once we get off the therapist's couch, codependency is what makes the world of nations and their economies. General Sun tells us
an army can win a battle without raising a sword by understanding the enemy's strengths and weaknesses, by knowing its
motivations and fears, and by establishing a strong initial position that limits the opponent's course of retreat. China has already
embraced those ideas: Western
universities are flooded with students from China who come to learn
our languages and cultures, our business practices, our technologies, our ethics, and our fears
and vulnerabilities. English is already spoken in most cities in China. Yet how many Americans or
Europeans learn Chinese, or study in China to better understand its people? When the time comes to collaborate
with China on a new world order, the West will be unprepared and the negotiations will go
badly. The West is betting on China's economy failing. It has no retreat planned if it does not. In the end, the
best assurance of a positive, peaceful relationship between the two global superpowers of the 21st century is a maximum of
codependence—in trade, in diplomacy, in military objectives. The West needs to remember that its last superpower-power-sharing
arrangement was based on mutually assured destruction. That one is still not working out very well. A more harmonious relationship
can be based on mutually acquired prosperity. It starts with the West not trying to demean the economic accomplishments of its
rising partner, and instead working to help it grow faster.
Doomsday stories may sell books, but good stories
are not necessarily good analysis. China's story is unlikely to have a crash-and-burn ending,
so accept the inevitable outcome . Prepare for a new world with China as its leader, as it was in 18 of the last 20
centuries. Have your kids learn Mandarin, not French or Italian. Visit Shanghai and Guangzhou. And do stop reading thrillers about
China's economic demise. It is not coming.