Two Types of Maps:
Reference Maps
- Show locations of
places and geographic
features
- Absolute locations
Thematic Maps
- Tell a story about the
degree of an attribute,
the pattern of its
distribution, or its
movement.
- Relative locations
What are reference maps
used for?
What are thematic maps
used for?
Geographic
Information
System:
a collection of
computer hardware
and software that
permits storage and
analysis of layers of
spatial data.
Reliability of Population Data,
Fertility/Mortality/Birth rate
Precursor to Demographic Transition
Model
Population Change Measured:
• Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
• Crude Death Rate (CDR)
• Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
Crude Birth Rate: CBR
• Total number of live births in a year for every
1000 people.
– What does a CBR of 50 mean?
Crude Death Rate: CDR
• Number of deaths in a year for every 1000
people alive
Natural Increase Rate: NIR
• Percent by which a population grows in a year
– Subtract CDR from CBR after converting the
numbers to percentages
– CDR 5 per 1000
– CBR 20 per 1000
Natural Increase Rate:
• NATURAL increase rate: How the
population naturally increases.
• Does this include migration to and from
the country?
Doubling Time
• Rate of natural increase affects the doubling
time: number of years needed to double a
population (constant rate of natural increase)
• Rate of 1.2: in 2100 the population would be
24 billion
Population Decline:
• What countries/regions?
– NIR declining in Europe
Differences in Growth Rates:
• Fertility rates
• Mortality rates
• We use both to explain how countries and
regions vary in population growth (or even
population decline)
Fertility
• Crude Birth Rates: total number of live births a
year per 1000 people.
• CBRs mirror Natural increase rates (NIRs) on
maps
Mortality
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
– Annual number of deaths of infants under 1 per 1000
live births
• Life Expectancy
Mortality:
• Life expectancy:
– Average number of years a newborn
infant can expect to live
– High life expectancy where?
What is overpopulation?
Number of people exceeds the environment’s
ability to support life
Help?
• Economic growth must be faster than
population growth
• --> impoverishment
Global food production map
Government Policies: Cont’d
• Restrictive
Population Policies
– China: 1-child policy
(housing privileges,
financial
opportunities,
education)
• Abortion, female
infanticide, orphan
girls
– India
Migration
Permanent move to a new location
Flow of Migration
• Emigration
– Migration
FROM a
location
• Immigration
– Migration TO
a location
Migrant labor
Push Factors vs. Pull Factors
• Push Factor: induces people to move out of their location
• Pull factor: induces people to move into a new location
I think I need to
move…
Main reason for international
migration?
• Job related opportunities
Gender
• Who is more
likely to migrate?
Why?
Impact of Immigration
• Diffusion of culture
– Religion
– Art
– Music
– Literature
– Philosophy
– Ethics
– Cultural traditions
Impact of Illegal Immigration
• Immigration allowance: high
• 11.9mil undocumented, +500,000
come each year
• 59% from Mexico
• 22% from Latin America
• 12% from Asia
View from Mexico
• Mexico is both
a source and
destination
• Views from
Northerners
vs.
Southerners
• Remittance