GCSE 2012
This will be the
st
1
question on the exam
 In my opinion this may be the easier section
 You should still revise the other section- settlement
 Use the table to sort your revision for this section
 3 case studies we must have:-
 1- A case study to illustrate strategies to influence
natural population change within a country.
 2- A case study of international migration to illustrate
the causes, consequences and management.
 3- A case study of migration within one country.
Content
Theme 2 Population and Settlement
Sources of info
Revised?
page
revised
Study of contrasting population pyramids of RG p29-30
an LEDC and an MEDC and how they change
over time.
The
relationship
between
population RG p28
structure (and birth rates and death rates)
and economic development.
The growth of population on a global scale. RG p28
Birth rates and death rates vary between RG p30
countries.
The rate of population change varies over RG p28
time.
The effects of overpopulation in an LEDC.
RG p32
The implications of the proportion
population in different age groups.
of RG p33-34
Push and pull factors influencing migration.
RG p35
Causes, consequences and management of RG p39-41
urbanisation.
Causes, consequences and management of RG p42
What do you need to know?
 How and why are there variations between the
population structures of countries?
 What are the causes and consequences of natural
population change over time?
 Why does migration occur and what are its effects?
content
 Countries have individual age and gender profiles.
 Population structure varies between countries of
different levels of economic development.
 The population structure of individual countries
changes over time.
What has happened to Earth’s
population?
World growth- key points
 Has been steady till 11th century
 Slow growth till 1500
 Real growth from Asia China / India have roughly 1/3 of world population
 What are the consequences?
 World population to reach 7 billion in October 2011
How does population change?
 Birth rate- number of live babies born per 1000 of
the population per year
 Death rate- number of deaths per 1000 of the
population per year
 Natural increase of a countries population is when
Birth rate > death rate
 Natural decrease of a countries population is when
death rate > birth rate
Life and death
What do we mean when we talk about birth and death rates?
The number of babies being born in a
country each year is the birth rate.
The number of people who die in a
country each year is the death rate.
These rates are measured for each
1000 of the population.
A country’s birth rate is 10. This means that 10 people are born
for every 1000 of the population per year.
If the country’s population was 10,000 then there would be 100
extra people in the country after one year.
Natural increase
The data from the birth and death rates can be used to work out
the natural increase in a country’s population.
Natural Increase = Birth rate - Death rate
If it is a positive number,
the country’s population
is increasing.
If it is a negative number,
the country’s population
is decreasing.
High birth rates combined with longer life expectancy have
contributed towards the world population explosion.
What will happen to the population
when………………………..????????
Heads
Tails
High birth rate
High death rate
High birth rate
Low death rate
Low birth rate
Low death rate
Low birth rate
High death rate
Low birth rate
Medium Death rate
Medium Birth rate
High Death rate
Medium Birth rate
Low Death rate
Results- grows fast/
grows slowly/stable /
decreases
Study of contrasting population pyramids of an LEDC
and an MEDC and how they change over time
 As countries become more developed, birth and death
rates change
 Countries move through the Demographic Transition
Model
 Life expectancy increases with development
MEDCs and LEDCs
The level of development of the
country can impact on how quickly
its population is rising.
Countries with a lot of money are
called More Economically
Developed Countries (MEDCs).
Countries with less money are
called Less Economically
Developed Countries (LEDCs).
Transitional countries are states
which are becoming more
economically developed.
What is a population pyramid?
The elderly dependentspeople who are reliant on the
younger economically active
The young dependentschildren aged between 0-15 rely
on 16-64 to provide for them
Population structure
MEDCs and LEDCs usually have differently structured
populations due to differences in their birth and death rates.
The population structure
of a country is usually
drawn on a graph called a
population pyramid.
This shows the total
population of males
and females in different age
ranges.
How would you describe the structure of this
population pyramid?
A LEDC
High death rate
High Birth rate
High number of young dependents
CharacteristicsBroad base- indicating a high birth rate
Narrows towards its peak
religious
opposition to
birth control etc.
lack of education on
family
planning/birth
control
No / little use of
contraception
early marriage
Many babies die
Children seen as sign of
virility • importance
attached to large
families/
Poor healthcare
Why a high birth rate?
children look
Women’s role?
after family
members who
• low status of women/denied are old/ill
right to decide on having
children/poor education of
women
• government policies
regarding birth
control
• children used as
workforce/seen as economic
asset
Poor hygiene- no piped,
clean water and no
sewage disposal
Disease
famine
Why a high death rate?
Little medical sciencefew doctors, hospitals or
drugs
A MEDC
Characteristics
Broad pyramid for all
age groupsGrowing size at peak
Increasing size of
elderly
Narrowing base as Birth rate
declines
Why does the death rate fall?
• improved medical care/hospitals/vaccinations
• improved water supply/sewage disposal/sanitation
• diet/food supply- machines – fertilisers /farming
• improved housing/standard of living/jobs
• education about
hygiene/contraception/STD/jobs/nutrition.
Why does the birth rate fall?
• family
planning
•Lower infant mortality rate- less need for children
• adults pursuing profession
•Increased industrialisation and mechanisation- less need for
workers
•Increased desire for material possessions- house /cars /
holidays
•Emancipation of women as workers with careers
issues with population change
 Overpopulation
 Controlling a population
 Ageing populations
overpopulation
 Is when there are too many people for the resources
that the country has available- the optimum
population has been exceeded
 Normally caused by RAPID population growth
 Symptoms of overpopulation include- widespread
poverty, food shortages, unemployment
 Normally an issue for LEDCs- Bangladesh
Effects of overpopulation- rural
 Not enough schools
 Not enough land
 Overgrasing / over-cultivation
 Deforestation
 Food shortages
 Lack of clean water and sanitation
 Inadequate health services
Effects of overpopulation - cities
 Overcrowding
 Growth of shanty houses
 Traffic congestion
 Overcrowded schools
 Inadequate health services
 Problems of waste disposal
 Unemployment
 Under employment
 Children forced to work
How is overpopulation controlled?
 China- birth control programme
 Immigration laws- selective as to who can come in
Problems- ageing
population, kidnaps,
top heavy pyramid
China – one child policy
 Aim – to reduce the birth rate
 1 child- 2 in rural areas if 1st was a girl or if both parents are
only children
 Benefits- free education- university place, free healthcare
 forced abortions and sterilisation
 educate women so that they can have a career
 guaranteed jobs if only single child in family
 loss of benefits/fines for subsequent children; etc.
 constant advertisements on TV and in the Press about the
benefits of having only one child
 ‘granny police’ who advised authorities if a second child
was born; etc.
Ageing populations
 Most MEDCs are facing this problem
 More and more people are living longer
 Life expectancy continues to increase
Impact of ageing population
 Healthcare stretched
 Unpaid carers?
 Later retirement
 Smaller pensions
 The grey vote- winter
fuel bills, tv licence, bus
passes
 Care homes
 Meals on wheels
 People paying
increased taxes to pay
for state pensions &
healthcare
 People having to retire
later- >65
 Relaxed immigration to
fill void and inject
workers into
economically active
sector
recap
Yes
uI can describe the factors affecting population density.
uI can describe the increase in overall world population, and how
it divides up between MEDCs and LEDCs (with examples).
uI can explain (and draw) the demographic transition model.
uI can read and explain population pyramids.
uI can explain why population growth or decline needs to be
managed
uI can explain why and how China managed their population with
the “one child policy”. I can also explain the effects.
uI can describe four types of migration.
uI can explain push and pull factors for migration (both
international and internal).
uI can explain how migration affects the UK.
uI can use the example of African migration to explain the impacts
of migration on the host and donor regions.
uI can use the example of the UK to explain the issue of
population change in MEDCs.
Think so
No