Chapter 2
Body Structure, Color, and
Oncology
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Chapter 2
Lesson 2.1
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Objectives
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Identify anatomic structures of the human
body.
Define and spell word parts related to body
structure, color, and oncology.
Define, pronounce, and spell disease and
disorder oncology terms.
Define, pronounce, and spell body structure
terms
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Organization of the Human Body
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cell: basic unit of all life
tissue: similar cells that perform a specific
task
organ: two or more kinds of tissue that
together perform special body functions
system: a group of organs that work together
to perform complex body functions
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Body Cells
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The human body is composed of trillions of
cells of various sizes and shapes.
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cell membrane: boundary of a cell
cytoplasm: substance outside nucleus of a cell
nucleus: central structure containing
chromosomes
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Body Cells (cont’d.)
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Types of Tissues
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muscle tissue: produces movement
nervous tissue: conducts impulses to and
from the brain
connective tissue: connects, supports,
penetrates, and encases various body
structures
epithelial tissue: found in the skin and lining
of the blood vessels
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Organization of the Human Body
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chromosomes: 46 in human cells except for
mature sex cell, which has 23
genes: regions within the chromosome
(determine hereditary characteristics)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): each gene is
composed of DNA, a chemical that regulates
the activities of the cell
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Body Cavities
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cranial cavity: brain
spinal cavity: spinal cord
thoracic cavity: heart, lungs, esophagus,
trachea, bronchi
abdominal cavity: stomach, intestines,
kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen,
ureters
pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, certain
reproductive organs, part of large intestine,
rectum
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Body Cavities (cont’d.)
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Combining Forms of Body
Structure
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aden/o
cyt/o
epitheli/o
fibr/o
hist/o
kary/o
lip/o
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my/o
neur/o
organ/o
sarc/o
system/o
viscer/o
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Organization of the
Human Body (cont’d.)
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Types of Tissues (cont’d.)
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Combining Forms Commonly Used
with Body Structure Terms
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cancer/o, carcin/o
eti/o
gno/o
iatr/o
lei/o
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onc/o
path/o
rhabd/o
somat/o
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Combining Forms for Colors
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chlor/o
chrom/o
cyan/o
erythr/o
leuk/o
melan/o
xanth/o
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Prefixes
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diadyshyperhypometaneopro-
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Suffixes
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-al, -ic, -ous
-cyte
-gen
-genesis
-genic
-logist
-logy
-oid
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-oma
-osis
-pathy
-plasia
-plasm
-sarcoma
-sis
-stasis
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Compare and Contrast
Word Root
 cyt/o
 path/o
 sarc/o
Suffix
 -cyte
 -pathy
 -sarcoma
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Suffixes Containing “gen”
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-gen: substance that produces or causes
Example: carcin/o/gen: substance that
causes cancer
-genic: producing, originating, causing
Example: cyt/o/genic: producing cells
-genesis: origin, cause
Example: onc/o/genesis: cause of tumors
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2-19
Clicker Question
Which of the following is a suffix that means
disease?
cyt/o
b) -pathy
c) path/o
d) -cyte
a)
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2-20
Oncology Terms Built
from Word Parts
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adenocarcinoma
adenoma
chloroma
epithelioma
fibroma
fibrosarcoma
leiomyoma
leiomyosarcoma
lipoma
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liposarcoma
melanocarcinoma
melanoma
myoma
neoplasm
neuroma
rhabdomyosarcoma
sarcoma
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Analyzing Terms that Appear to
Be Built from a Prefix and Suffix
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“Neoplasm” is built from what looks like a
prefix and a suffix: the word root is embedded
in the suffix. S(WR) is used in the “Building
Medical Terms” exercises to indicate this.
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Pronunciation Guide
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The following is a simple guide to use for
practicing pronunciation of the medical terms.
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The pronunciations are only approximate;
however, they are adequate to meet the needs of
the beginning student.
In respelling for pronunciation, words are
minimally distorted to indicate phonetic
sound.
Example: doctor (dok-tor), gastric (gas-trik)
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2-23
Pronunciation Guide (cont’d.)
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The macron (-) is used to indicate the long
vowel sounds.
- Example: donate (do-nate)
hepatoma (hep-a-to-ma)
a
as in ate, say
e
as in eat, beet, see
i
as in i, mine, sky
o
as in oats, so
u
as in unit, mute
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2-24
Pronunciation Guide (cont’d.)
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Vowels with no markings have the short
sound.
Example: discuss (dis-kus)
medical (med-i-kal)
a as in at, lad
e as in edge, bet
i as in itch, wish
o as in ox, top
u as in sun, come
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2-25
Pronunciation Guide (cont’d.)
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An accent mark is the stress on a certain
syllable. The primary accent is indicated by
capital letters, and the secondary accent
(which is stressed, but not as strongly as the
primary accent) is indicated by italics.
Example: altogether (all-tu-GETH-er)
pancreatitis (pan-kre-a-Tl-tis)
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2-26
Clicker Question
Which of the following is analyzed correctly?
wr cv
a)
wr
s
melan/o/carcin/oma
cf
wr
b)
wr
s
melano/carcin/oma
cf
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2-27
Body Structure Terms
Built from Word Parts
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cytogenic
cytology
cytoplasm
dysplasia
epithelial
erythrocyte
erythrocytosis
histology
hyperplasia
hypoplasia
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2-28
Body Structure Terms
Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
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leukocyte
leukocytosis
lipoid
myopathy
somatic
systemic
visceral
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2-29
Blood Cells
1. erythrocytes
2. leukocytes
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2-30
Clicker Question
Which of the following means
red blood cell?
karyocyte
b) leukocyte
c) erythrocyte
d) cytoplasm
a)
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2-31
Chapter 2
Lesson 2.2
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Objectives
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Define, pronounce and spell complementary
terms related to body structure, color, and
oncology.
Identify and use in singular and plural
endings
Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related
to body structure, color, and oncology.
Interpret, read, and comprehend medical
language in simulated medical statements
and documents.
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2-33
Complementary Terms Built
from Word Parts
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cancerous
carcinogen
cyanosis
diagnosis
etiology
iatrogenic
metastasis
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neopathy
oncologist
oncology
pathogenic
pathologist
pathology
prognosis
xanthochromic
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2-34
Complementary Terms
Not Built from Word Parts
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benign
carcinoma in situ
chemotherapy (chemo)
exacerbation idiopathic inflammation
in vitro
in vivo
malignant
radiation therapy
remission
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2-35
Clicker Question
Which of the following terms is built from word
parts and can be literally translated to find its
meaning?
in vitro
b) cancer in situ
c) adenocarcinoma
d) benign
a)
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2-36
Table 2-2 Common Plural Endings
Singular Endings Plurals Formation Singular Form
-a
-ae
vertebra
-ax
-aces
thorax
-is
-es
testis
-ix
-ices
appendix
-ma
-mata
carcinoma
-on
-a
ganglion
-sis
-ses
metastasis
-um
-a
ovum
-us
-i
fungus
-nx
-nges
larynx
-y
-ies
biopsy
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Plural Form
vertebrae
thoraces
testes
appendices
carcinomata
ganglia
metastases
ova
fungi
larynges
biopsies
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Abbreviations
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Ca
chemo
Dx
mets
Px
RBC
XRT
WBC
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2-38
Read Medical Terms
A 54-year-old woman presented to the office with a 3week history of bloody diarrhea. She had been
diagnosed with ulcerative colitis at age 25 years. She
was referred for a colonoscopy. The examination
revealed a suspicious lesion in the transverse colon. A
biopsy was performed and a cytology specimen was
obtained. The pathologist made a diagnosis of
carcinoma of the colon. Advanced dysplasia and
inflammation existed in the specimen. The patient
underwent surgery and was found to have no evidence
of metastasis. Her entire colon was removed because
of a high risk for developing a malignant lesion in the
remaining colon. She made an uneventful recovery and
was referred to an oncologist for consideration of
chemotherapy. Her prognosis is generally positive.
Radiation therapy is not indicated in this case.
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