Chapter 14
“The Age of Nation States”
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
MR. RICK PURRINGTON
MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL
I. Liberalism in 19th C Ru
A. Ru’s Social Structure
1. boyars = landowning elites
2. serfs = unpaid labor
a) peasants, servants, even some factory workers
B. Tsars
1. 1848 - Nicholas I – “the savior of absolutism”
a) 1853 - Crimean War
- Ru vs.Ot
- Fr + Br join Ot
- Au + Pr neutral
- Ru - Poorly equipped, disorganized troops
- image of invincible Ru crushed
- defeat for Ru = wake-up call
2. 1855 – Alexander II
- “tsar liberator”
- 1861 - serfs are freed but remain poor
- welcomes industrialization
- 1881 – terrorists “The People’s Will”
assassinate Alexander II
3. Alexander III
- the return of repression
- all critics sent to Siberia
- Russification, Anti-Semitism
- industrialization = Marxist ideas become popular
“Italy is simply a geographical expression.”
– Klemens von Metternich
“I have discovered the art of deceiving
diplomats. I tell them the truth and they never
believe me.”
- Count Cavour, Italian Nationalist
II. Nationalism in U.S., Italy, and G
A. United States
1. By 1860, Nationalism dividing country (N&S)
B. Italy
1. Sardinia – King Victor Emmanuel and Count
Cavour = similar to N III politically, want Italian
unification
2. Papal States and RCC – against unification
3. 1858 – N III and Sardinia alliance coaxes
Au into war over Lombardy
4. N III abandons alliance
5. Cavour in North Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi in South
work to unite all of Italy
6. By 1870, Italian city-states unify constitutional
monarchy under Sardinian Victor Emmanuel
Monument to Victor Emmanuel, Rome
ullstein bild/The Granger
Collection, NYC— All rights
reserved
C. Germany
1. Au/Pr rivalry and competition for power
a) Zollverein – G city-states economic
union, Au not included
b) Pr- industrialization = middle class growing
2. Influenced by Italian unification
3. Otto von Bismarck (OvB) named prime minister of
Pr by Kaiser (King) William I of Pr
- OvB doesn’t have to work w/Pr parliament
- OvB orders new taxes, huge military
- OvB criticizes Au, gains favor w/S G city
states
- 1866 OvB wins Au/Pr war over SchleswigHolstein
- 1867 North German Confederation is created
- N + S G hesitant to unify (Prot vs RCC diff)
- OvB starts Fr/Pr war, gets S G support
- Pr wins, N III captured, Alsace-Lorraine to Pr
- Fr humiliated, angered, vengeful
- 1871 - - OvB genius, invincible Pr army
= G nationalism, unification, POWER!
Europe after G Unification in 1871
Chapter 16
“Toward the Modern World”
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY
MR. RICK PURRINGTON
MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL
I.
Rise of Public Education
A. 1775 - Mandatory elementary school in most of Eu
B. 1900 – 85% literacy in W Eu, 60% in E Eu
II. Evolution
A. On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin
1. formulates principle of natural selection, which explained
how species evolved over time
2. survival of the fittest
3. To some, theory undermines the existence of God
B. Descent of Man by Charles Darwin
1. Darwin applies principle of evolution to human beings
C. Social Darwinism
1. applying Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” to human
society and competition between nations