Introduction to Human
Anatomy & Physiology
Terminology and Divisions
Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy =
• Physiology =
Organization of the Human Body
• Axial:
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Contains body cavities
• Appendicular:
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Extremities
Body Cavities & Viscera
Body Cavities: Contain and protect viscera
Axial Portion: Two Major Cavities
1. Dorsal Cavity
2. Ventral Cavity
Dorsal Cavity: Posterior
• Cranial Cavity = Contains Brain
• Vertebral Cavity = Contains Spinal Cord
Ventral Cavity: Anterior
• Thoracic Cavity = Trachea, Bronchi, Heart, Lungs,
Esophagus, Thymus Gland
Heart (Pericardial Cavity)
Lungs (Pleural Cavity)
Separated by…
- Abdominal Cavity= Stomach, small intestines,
liver, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, upper large int.,
kidneys
- Pelvic Cavity = Lower large intestines, bladder,
reproductive organs
Organ Systems &
Applications in Sports Medicine
- Integumentary
- Cardiovascular
- Skeletal
- Lymphatic
- Muscular
- Respiratory
- Nervous
- Urinary
- Endocrine
- Reproductive
- Digestive
Organ Systems: Integumentary
Structures:
- Hair
- Nails
- Skin
- Sweat & Sebaceous
Glands
Functions:
- Protection
- Temperature Regulation
- Sensation
Organ Systems: Skeletal
Structures:
- Bones
- Cartilage
- Joints
- Ligaments
Functions:
- Framework
- Muscle Attachment
- Protection
- Blood Cell Production
Organ Systems: Muscular
Structures:
- Muscles
- Tendons
Functions:
- Movement
- Maintain Posture
- Heat Production
Organ Systems: Nervous
Structures:
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
- Nerves
Functions:
- Sends impulses
- Allows for
motor/sensory function
Organ Systems: Cardiovascular
Structures:
- Heart
- Blood vessels
- Blood
Functions
- Pumps blood
- O2 transport
- Waste removal
When Referring to a Part of the
Human Body…
Anatomical Position
Standardized method of observing the body when
referencing anatomical structures
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Standing Erect
Facing Forward
Upper Limbs at Sides
Palms Forward
Terms of Relative Position
Describe location of a body part in respect to another
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Superior/Inferior: Above or below
Anterior/Posterior: Front or back
Medial/Lateral: proximity to midline
Proximal/Distal: proximity to trunk or axial skeleton
Bilateral/Ipsilateral: both sides/same side
Contralateral: opposite side
Superficial/Deep: proximity to surface
Anatomical Terminology Lying Down
• Supine: Face up or palms up
- Lying on your back
• Prone: Face down or palms down
- Lying on your stomach
Implications for injuries?
Body Sections
• Sagittal: cuts body in
half lengthwise (right
and left portions)
• Transverse: cuts body
in half horizontally (top
and bottom portions)
• Coronal: cuts body
into front and back
portions
How would this be
useful in medicine?
Case Scenario
• Athlete comes into the athletic
training room complaining of medial
knee pain.
• What do you think the injury is?
Assessing an Injury: HOPS Method
• History: Ask patient ?’s to find out what happened
• Observation: What you see…
– body language, swelling, deformity, discoloration, compare
bilaterally
• Palpation: “Feeling” or “Touching”
– Could notice…
• Special Tests: Determine what specific structures are injured:
range of motion, muscle testing, stress tests of ligaments, functional
tests, etc.
History: What should we ask?
-
What happened? (Mechanism)
When did it happen? (Acute vs. Chronic)
What type of pain is it? (radiating/burning, etc.)
Is there a history of injury to that area
Sound or sensation at time of injury
Specific location of pain
Extent of pain (0-10)
Activities that increase/decrease pain
Did you keep participating?
Impact on daily activities/sport
History: What happened?
• Mechanism of Injury: (MOI) force which resulted
in the injury (push or pull acting on the body)
• Yield Point: Elastic limit---injured tissue
structures
Axial: Force along long axis of structure (directed
at trunk)
Compressive: Squeezing/Crushing force
Tensile: Pulling force
Shear: Sliding against object or body part
History: How long has it been hurting?
- When specifically did it occur? -Acute vs.
Chronic
Acute: Rapid onset/One likely cause
Chronic: Long onset/duration, many potential
contributing factors
- Insidious vs. Immediate onset
Examples?
History: What type of pain is it?
• Somatic: Arises from skin, ligament, muscle or
bone
• Visceral: Pain from a disease or injury to organ
– Will cause other systemic symptoms
• Referred: Pain perceived at a different location
than site of injury
• Radiating: Pain from injury to nerve---pain
moves along nerve pathway---”tingling,
Case Scenario: Medial Knee Pain?
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Athlete comes into the physician’s office Athlete comes into the physician’s
complaining of medial knee pain.
office complaining of medial knee pain.
Indicates injury occurred yesterday
Indicates injury occurred yesterday at
at practice
Was hit in the inside portion of the knee practice
with a baseball during practice
Was running around 3rd base, stopped
No history of injury
No tingling or numbness, no pop, snap, quickly and turned to run back
or crack
Felt an immediate “pop”
Minimal swelling
No history of injury
Able to walk, sore to run,
Moderate swelling medially
Sore to touch
Could not continue participating
Pain is a 2/10
Was carried off the field
Pain is a 7/10
Other Considerations
• Indications: A type of treatment that is
appropriate for an injury
• Contraindications: A type of treatment
that is NOT appropriate for an injury
Examples?
Anatomic Properties of Skin
First layer of defense/Has 3 layers
Most Superficial = Epidermis
Keratinocytes = skin cells
-
Provide a barrier
Constant sloughing
Inner Layer = Dermis
- Collagen & Elastin Proteins
- Contains blood vessels and nerves
- Sebaceous Glands
- Sweat Glands
- Arrector pili muscle
Layer DEEP to dermis = Subcutaneous Fat: Conserve Heat/Shape
Damage to dermal layer vs epidermal layer?
Skin Injury Classification
• Abrasion: Shearing force where skin is
scraped against a rough surface
• Chafing: Epidermal irritation from pressure
or friction
• Incision: Split in skin with smooth edges
• Laceration: Irregular tear in skin
• Puncture: Penetration of skin/tissues
• Avulsion: Separation of skin from source
Skin Injuries and Treatment
• Blister: Repeated
shearing force in
one or more
directions over
epidermal layer of
skin
• Blood can build up
if between dermal
and epidermal
layers
• Care?
General Skin Injury Care
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Irrigate with water/saline
DON’T use hydrogen peroxide or (dilute)
Use topical antibiotic once a day
Keep wound moist----healing---scar?
Avoid scab formation---DON’T PICK
Sutures/dermabonding must be done
w/in 24 hours