AP REVIEW PART I
COLONIZATION TO
RECONSTRUCTION
Pre-Colonial America
• Conquistadors – 3 G’s
• Smallpox and the start of slavery leads
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to…….deaths of millions of Natives
In the new global economic system Europe has
everything:
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Labor
Technology
Markets
Capital
BUT?
Early English Settlements
• Jamestown – 1607 (Virginia Company)
– First successful settlement**
• Joint-stock company: a group of investors
who bought the right to establish New
World plantations from the king
• English not prepared – high death rates
from starvation and disease (wife jerky)
• Indian relations – one sided benefit
Growth of Virginia (Chesapeake
Region)
• John Rolfe – King tobacco
• Impacts of success
– Creates need for more land = end of Indians (What
was this last War called?)
– Creates need for more labor = indentured servants
– Profitability draws more colonists
– Begins southern single crop dependence
– Irony of 1619
• Virginia House of Burgess (first step to self-gov)
• First shipment of African slaves
Pilgrims and Mass Bay Company
• Puritan movement in England creates
need for new religion
– Separatists leave England to create a new
community in the Americas – Mayflower
1620
– Mayflower Compact – governments power
comes from the consent of the governed
Mass Bay Colony
• Congregationalists (change church from within )
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form larger colony in 1629 (better funded &
prepared)
Congregationalists and Separatists do not tolerate
religious freedom (IRONIC?)
*Roger Williams banished (creates Rhode Island)
– Two big things about RI
• Religious freedom for all
• Very Democratic
• Anne Hutchinson banished for preaching
antinomianism (belief that those predestined need
not obey secular laws)
City Upon a Hill – John Winthrop
• American exceptionalism is the idea
that the United States and the
American people hold a special place in
the world, by offering opportunity and
hope for humanity, derived from a
unique balance of public and private
interests governed by constitutional
ideals that are focused on personal and
economic freedom.
Growth of American Slavery
• Indentured Servants
– Primary source of labor until Bacon’s rebellion (why
did they rebel?)
• African Slaves
– Initially expensive with similar contracts to
indentured servants
– Develops into ‘modern’ version with elimination of
rights and permanent (hereditary) status as
property
– Legal in all colonies by 1700
Development of Proprietary
Colonies (Gifts from the King)
• Maryland – Lord Baltimore (Catholic) – created as a
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haven for Catholics became partially tolerant of
Protestants (1649)
Pennsylvania – William Penn and the Quakers
– Pacifist, tolerant (religious and Native American)
• Carolina
– North Carolina (resembles Virginia but more democratic)
– South Carolina – settled by Englishmen from Barbados – slave
trade rises
• Eventually most proprietary colonies returned to
royal ownership
– NE Confederation (what was the purpose???) leads to
Dominion of NE
More Colonies
• New York – Had been New Netherland
until Dutch were overtaken
• Georgia – Debtor colony created to
allow repayment through work
Regional Differences
• Southern
– Anglican, single crop, rural, labor dependent,
shorter life span
• New England
– Most religious, urban & rural combination, diverse
economy, longer life span, lowest labor needs
• Middle
– Truly middle, tolerant, independent, diverse
economy, lower labor needs
Practice Quiz
Relationship between the Colonies
and Britain
• Policy of salutary neglect stimulates autonomy
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and self-government while fueling
mercantilism (what is this?) (how did the
British government enforce?)
European struggles for power move to
America
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French Indian War (fought for control over?)
Albany Plan (purpose?)
Treaty of Paris 1763 (outcome for France?)
Proclamation of 1763 (angers the colonists – why?)
Pre-Revolution Issues
• Acts for Revenue
– Sugar Act (1st)
– Stamp Act (Most
protest)
– Townshend Acts
• Acts for Control
– Quartering Act
– Declaratory Act
– Intolerable Act
• Colonial responses
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Stamp Act Congress
Boston Massacre
Sons of liberty
Boston Tea Party
Committees of
correspondence
– First / Second
Continental Congress
Outcomes of American Revolution
• Treaty of Paris 1783
– Independence / Territory / Resumption of Trade
• New Government
– Articles of Confederation
• Weak = no executive, no power to tax, collect, or borrow,
no power to regulate trade (BIG)
– NW Ordinance
• Why is this important in the long run?
• Problems lead to Constitutional Convention
Creation of a Constitution
• Compromise = Key
– NJ Plan: Articles of Conf with more power
– VA Plan: Three branches, bicameral leg,
proportional reps
– Great (Connecticut) Compromise:
Proportional rep + uniform rep
– 3/5 Compromise: Settles rep and tax
status of slaves
– No slave discussion till 1807
Adoption of the Constitution
• Federalist vs. Antifederalist
• Bill of Rights (protect who from what?)
• GW – First President
– Jefferson vs. Hamilton
• Interpretation of the Constitution (strict vs.
loose)
• Assumption, National Bank, (challenge what?)
• Formation of two-party system
#2 John Adams
• Federalist Agenda
– Characteristics of a Federalist
• Interpretation? Foreign relations?
– Peace (X,Y,Z and Convention of 1800)
– Eliminate opposition (Alien & Sedition)
• KY / VA resolutions = nullification
– Pack the courts (Judiciary Act of 1801)
• Marbury v. Madison establishes the principle of ?
#3 Thomas Jefferson
• Revolution of 1800
• Legacy
– Louisiana Purchase / Lewis & Clark
– Leaves federalist programs intact
– Leaves problem with France/Britain to
Madison (Embargo of 1807 – causes what?)
#4 James Madison /#5 James
Monroe
• MADISON
• Macon’s Bill No 2
• War of 1812
– Who supports?
– Who doesn’t?
• Treaty of Ghent
• Tariff of 1816
– Goal?
• MONROE
• Henry Clay –
American System
– Components?
• Panic of 1819
• Era of Good Feelings
– Purpose of the name?
• Missouri Compromise
• Monroe Doctrine
#6 John Quincy Adams
– Corrupt Bargain (Why named?)
• (Clay = Sec of State)
– Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abomination)
• Political football – Scheme to create lose/lose for Adams
• NE oks to protect industry
• South deeply upset – major consumers of manufactured
goods
• Potential intrusion into slavery – loss of prestige/power in
federal government
– Calhoun authors “The Exposition” – VP (argument
for?)
– Policies increase voter turnout and create the “Era
of the Common Man” (return to the ideals of?)
#7 Andrew Jackson
• Ideals
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Jeffersonian
Rags to riches
Spoils system
Executive leadership
Union first
• Actions
– Nullification crisis
(over what?)
• SC vs. US
– Indian relocation
• Role of the Supreme
Court
– Bank of US
1830s-1860:
Westward Expansion & Sectionalism
• Aroostook War (who vs. who?)
• Manifest Destiny (what is this?)
• Why was Oregon annexed peacefully,
but not Texas? (why did it take so long
for Texas to be a state?)
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (who got
what?)
• Wilmot Proviso (purpose?)
Presidents #8-15
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MVB
Harrison
Tyler
Polk (best example
of?)
Taylor
• Fillmore
• Pierce
• Buchanan
People and Events
Second Great
Awakening (sets the
foundation for?)
• Mormons (why
persecuted?)
• Joseph Smith
• Brigham Young
• Utopian communities
(desire for?)
• Seneca Falls Convention
(1848)
(purpose?)
• Cult of domesticity
(who, what?)
• Noah Webster
(contribution?)
• Horace Mann (goal of
public education?)
More People and Events
William Lloyd Garrison
• The Liberator
• Frederick Douglass
• Harriet Tubman
• Sojourner Truth
• Whigs
• Manifest Destiny
• Stephen Austin
• Sam Houston
• Santa Ana
• Webster-Ashburton Treaty
(1842)
Gold Rush
• Samuel F. B. Morse
• Compromise of 1850
• Fugitive Slave Law
• Underground Railroad
• Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
• Know-Nothings
• Dred Scott Decision
The Peculiar Institution
Slavery from the viewpoint of the slave, the slaveholder, and
the non-slaveholding white Southerner.
• The issue of slavery in the territories.
• Compare the black struggle to achieve freedom with the
abolitionist struggle to free slaves.
• Blacks in the North: 1790-1860.
• William Lloyd Garrison-->hero or villain of the antislavery
movement.
• The Civil War began with the Mexican War!?
• Northerners objected not to slaves but to the political and
economic power and influence slavery gave the slaveholder in
the national government.
• Event, person, or place as a symbol of North-South division,
such as Bleeding Kansas, John Brown, or the Crittenden
Compromise.
• Southern grievances against the North.
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The Peculiar Institution II
• North-South economic differences before the Civil War that
continued unresolved after it.
• The 1850s-->a decade of political sectionalism and economic
nationalism.
• Role of the Supreme Court in the Civil War and
Reconstruction.
• Breakdown of both the Whig and Democratic parties in the
1850s and rise of the third party system.
• Struggle between the president and Congress for dominant
political power within the federal government, 1850-1868.
• States’ rights from 1790-1860 for all the sections.
• When did the Civil War become inevitable and why?
• What causes of the Civil War were resolved by the Civil War
and Reconstruction?
• Was the Republican Party consistent in its policies from the
1850s to 1877?
• Accomplishments and failures of Reconstruction.