Chapter 20 Section 1
Road to War
Spark that ignited W.W. 1

Assassination of
Archduke Ferdinand
and wife Sophie in
Sarajevo
Archduke assassination

Gavrilo Princip a
Serbian Nationalist
killed the Archduke
because he believed
that Austria-Hungary
had no right to rule
Bosnia
Causes of W.W. 1
1)
2)
3)
4)
Imperialism – competition to gain colonies
Nationalism – pride in one’s own nation
leading to acting in your own best interest or
gaining independence
Militarism – building military to prepare for war
Alliances – bound nations to come to each
others defense if attacked (two major alliances
were established)
Alliances

Triple Alliance

Triple Entente

Germany

Great Britain

Austria-Hungry

France

Italy

Russia
Alliances led to two sides in War






Triple Alliance
became the Central
Powers.
Germany
Austria Hungry
(Italy left to join allies)
Turkey joins the
central powers
Bulgaria joins also







Triple Entente
became the allies
Great Britain
France
Russia
(Italy joins allies)
U.S. A. joins allies
Many other nations
join the allies
WW1 Beginning
 After
the Archduke was assassinated
Austria Hungary uses it as an excuse to
crush Serbia
 Russia – a protectorate of Serbia comes to
its aid and mobilizes for war
 Germany (an ally of Austria-Hungary
declares war on Russia)
 This draws the great powers of the
alliances into conflict against each other
Modern Warfare

Many new weapons
were used during
WW1
 Machine guns
 Grenades
 Gas
Other new Weapons

Airplanes
 Submarines
 Tanks
Early Combat

Germany stopped at the Battle of the Marne in
France
 A stalemate was established as trench warfare
set in
 W.W. 1 was fought on 3 fronts (the western in
France the Eastern in Russia and the Turkish in
Turkey)
Section 2 U.S. Declares War
 Tension





increases with Germany
U-Boats could not be detected
Attack without warning – uncivilized
Lusitania sunk in May 1915
Sussex sunk - March 1916
Sussex pledge – Germ. promise to warn
ships
More Tension with Germany
 Zimmerman
note – Germany Mexico
Alliance
1917 Sussex pledge broken – war
declared by U.S.
 April
Revolution – U.S. support new
Government
 Russian
Section 3 - U.S. on Western
Front
 U.S.
not prepared - instituted the draft)
 Pershing headed small army to Europe
(AEF)
 U.S. used convoys to cross Atlantic
 Russian Revolution (Bolsheviks led by
Lenin) peace signed - no more Eastern
front
Western Front Continued
 Battle
of Chateau-Thierry
saved Paris
(York)
 Allied counter attack at Battle
of Amiens
 Rickenbacker and York - Am.
Heroes
 Armistice Nov. 11, 1918
Section 4 - Home Front
 Financing


War bonds called liberty bonds
Taxes – raised and new taxes implemented
 Managing



the war
the economy
War industry board – Barnard Baruch (what to
produce and fixed prices)
War trade board – controlled foreign trade
War labor board – settle labor disputes
Other Government Agencies
labor policies board – set wages
hours and working conditions
 Food Administration – under Hoover
 War

Victory gardens – wheatless Wed. – Meatless
Mon. - reduce waste – increase Ag. Output
Administration – gasless days and
began daylight savings time – lowered the
need for artificial light and saved fuel
 Fuel
Enforcing Loyalty

Committee on Public Information


Short films - Pamphlets and posters – explain war
aims and recruit (committee on public Ed.)
Congress passes literacy tests for immigrants Led to revival of nativism and increased anti–
German feeling
 Espionage act of 1917– makes it illegal to
interfere with the draft
 Sedition act of 1918– no disloyal statements
about U.S. gov’t or military
Changing People’s Lives
 Prohibition


Hatred toward German breweries
Need for grain to help feed Europe
 Great

passed –
migration
Workers needed – African Am. And Mexicans
travel North to work in war related factories.
 Women
– 400,000 joined industrial work
force

Helped gain support for 19th amendment
Section 5 - Global
Peacemaker
 Wilson’s
14 points – make the world safe
from war in the future
 League of Nations – 14th point
 Versailles Peace Conference – allies
interested in spoils (Wilson had to
compromise)
 Big 4 at the conference consisted of


(Wilson – U.S.) (Clemenceau – France)
(George-Great Britain) (Orlando – Italy)
Big 4 Leaders at Versailles
 Wilson
George
Clemenceau
Versailles Treaty Results
Nations created – (Czech.
Yugoslavia) based on ethnic borders
 New


Did not resolve tensions
Borders hard to defend
take blame for war – pay
reparations of 33 billion dollars
 Treaty was very harsh on Germany –had
to give up land and military
 League of Nations established
 Germany
Treaty at Home
did not ratify it – fear of being
dragged into another war
 Wilson takes tour to build support from the
people to persuade senate ratification
 Wilson has a stroke – ½ body paralyzed
 First lady does most of his work for the
rest of his term as he remains bed ridden
 U.S. never joins the League of Nations
 Senate
Post War Adjustments

American economy slows as wartime
production ends
 Returning troops face difficult adjustment to
civilian life
 Many women and minorities lose jobs as men
return to work
 Despite war effort returning African Am.
Troops face discrimination and segregation
 Death and destruction of war leads to feelings
of gloom among many Americans
 U.S. enters more of an isolation policy