Cory Tanner
Consumer Horticulture Agent/Master Gardener
Coordinator
Terminology
Botany: the science of plants
Anatomy: internal structure
Morphology: external structure/form
Taxonomy: the classification of plants
Physiology: study of plant growth and
development
Vascular Plants
Ferns
Cone Bearing
Plants
Flowering Plants
Dicots
Monocots
Terminology
Gymnosperm – “naked seed”
 Has no flower or ovary (fruit); only cones
 All conifers (pines, cedars, arborvitae)
Angiosperm – “vessel seeded”
 Has a flower with an ovary (fruit)
 All flowering plants
 Divided into Monocots and Dicots
Terminology
Dicotyledons (Dicots):
- flowering plants that contain
two seed leaves
Monocotyledons (Monocots):
- flowering plants that possess
one seed leaf
Monocot
Dicot
Plant Parts
Plant parts fall into two
categories:
a) vegetative
b) sexual reproductive
Meristems
Apical Meristems (aka Terminal Buds)
• Found at shoot and root tips
• Produce stems, roots, leaves, and lateral buds
• Responsible for shoot/root length (Primary Growth)
Lateral Meristems (aka Cambium)
• Located laterally along stems and roots
• Responsible for increases in stem/root girth (Secondary
Growth)
Vascular Tissues
Xylem – transports water and mineral nutrients
from roots to stems and leaves.
Phloem – transports sugars (photosynthates) from
leaves to other plant parts. Can move “sap”
up or down.
Xylem and phloem arranged in vascular bundles.
Roots
Functions of Roots:
1. absorption (water and
mineral)
2. structural support
3. storage
Types of Roots:
1. radicle – seed root
2. primary root – tap root
3. lateral root
Root Anatomy
Above Ground
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Stem Parts
Stem Anatomy
Tree Trunk Components
Types of Buds
Vine Morphology
Leaf Parts
blade
midrib
petiole
Leaf Anatomy
Leaf Arrangement
Leaf Types
Leaf Venation
• Venation refers to the pattern in which the veins
are distributed in the leaf blade
• Parallel or Net-veined
• Net-veined can be either pinnate or palmate
Flower Anatomy
• Sepals - small, green, leaf-like structures
on the base of the flower
• Petals - highly colored parts of the flower
• Stamen - male reproductive parts
• Pistil - female reproductive parts
Flower Anatomy
• Perfect flower - has a stamen, pistil, petal and
sepals.
• Incomplete flower - missing one of the four
parts
• Complete flower - has a stamen and pistil
• Imperfect flower - has either stamen
(staminate) or a pistil (pistillate)
Flower Anatomy
• Dioecious - have staminate (male) and
pistillate (female) on separate plants i.e.,
hollies.
• Monoecious - have male and female flowers
on the same plant i.e., squash and
cucumbers.
Inflorescences: flower arrangements
Pollination
 Cross-pollination - pollen from one plant
is transferred to the stigma of another.
 Self-pollination - the stigma is pollinated
by pollen from the same plant.
Fertilization - ovule (egg) is fertilized by the
sperm from the pollen grain.
Fruit
An enlarged ovary.
-Simple
-Aggregate
-Multiple
Seed
A mature ovule, that
contains the embryo
and cotyledons (starch
filled food source).
Growth Cycles
Annual: A plant that completes its lifecycle in one growing
season. Winter annuals survive the winter, summer
annuals survive the summer.
Biennial: A plant the requires two growing seasons to
complete its lifecycle.
Herbaceous perennial: A non-woody plant that lives for
several years. It’s shoots die back every winter.
Woody perennial: A tree or shrub