Chapter 13, Sections 4 and 5
Section 4- Roosevelt’s Square Deal (pp. 437- 443)
1) How did Theodore Roosevelt become president? What were Roosevelt’s goals of his Square Deal program?
- SERVED AS VICE PRESIDENT FOR WILLIAM MCKINLEY (A MOVE TO
GET HIM AWAY FROM NYC’S CORRUPTION); TOOK OVER AS
PRESIDENT UPON MCKINLEY’S ASSASSINATION.
- WANTED TO CREATE A FAIR, HONEST AND JUST SOCIETY WHERE
THE SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS WERE NOT TAKEN ADVANTAGE OF
BY THE WEALTHY AND POWERFUL—EQUAL CHANCE OF SUCCESS.
2) Using the following industries, explain how Roosevelt increased the power of the presidency and the president’s
role in big business. Include legislation passed (if applicable):
a. Mining: THREATENED TO SEND FEDERAL TROOPS TO STOP
PENNSYLVANIA MINERS FROM STRIKING (THE COUNTRY NEEDED
COAL!)
i. LED TO SMALL PAY RAISE AND 9 HOUR WORKDAY FOR WORKERS.
b. Railroads: HEPBURN ACT (1906) GAVE THE ICC STRONG POWER TO
ENFORCE UPON RAILROADS; FEDERAL GOV. POWER TO REGULATE
RAILROAD RATES AND MAXIMUM PRICES FOR TRANSPORT.
c. Trusts: THE ORIGINAL ‘TRUSTBUSTER’; BROKE UP MANY TRUSTS.
i. GOOD TRUSTS= BIG BUSINESS MORE EFFICIENT THAN SMALLER
ONES
ii. BAD TRUSTS= BULLIED SMALLER BUSINESSES OR CHEATED
CUSTOMERS.

SAW HIMSELF AS A ‘TRUST-TAMER’.
d. Food/Drug Industries:
i. INFURIATED BY THE JUNGLE SO ROOSEVELT URGED CONGRESS
TO PASS MEAT INSPECTION ACT (1906)
1. ALLOWED FOR AGENTS TO INSPECT MEAT TRANSPORTED
ACROSS STATE LINES AND FEDERAL INSPECTION OF MEATPACKING PLANTS.
ii. PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT (1906) FOCUSED ON OTHER FOODS
AND MEDICINES; FEDERAL INSPECTION OF FOOD AND DRUGS;
BANNED SHIPMENT OF IMPURE GOODS AND PREVENTED
MISLABELING OF GOODS AND MEDICINE.
3) How did Roosevelt’s policies affect the environment? What role(s) did Gifford Pinchot and John Muir play in
influencing Roosevelt?
-
WILDERNESS MANAGED FOR NATURAL RESOURCES.
o
PRESERVED 100 MILLION ACRES FOR PUBLIC LAND (GIFFORD
PINCHOT)
o
-
CREATION OF NATIONAL PARKS (JOHN MUIR)
WATER RECLAMATION PROJECTS TO IRRIGATE SOUTHWEST.
4) How did William Taft’s policies compare/differ with those of Theodore Roosevelt? What was the outcome of
their differences?
- COMPARE: SUPPORT GOV. CONTROL OVER CERTAIN INDUSTRIES
- DIFFER: STRONGER AGAINST TRUSTS; ENCOURAGED CONGRESS
TO PROPOSE FEDERAL INCOME TAX; DID NOT LOWER TARIFFS AS
MUCH AS ROOSEVELT HOPED.
Section 5- Wilson’s New Freedom (pp. 444-447)
1) How did Woodrow Wilson win the presidency in 1912? What would Wilson’s plan for reform become known as?
-
FORMATION OF THE PROGRESSIVE PARTY SPLIT REPUBLICAN
VOTERS. WILSON’S PLAN WOULD BECOME KNOWN AS THE NEW
FREEDOM.
2) Highlight the policies that Woodrow Wilson pursued as part of his New Freedom.
-
SIXTEENTH AMENDMENT (1913): CONGRESS HAS POWER TO
COLLECT TAXES ON INCOME.
-
SEVENTEENTH AMENDMENT (1913): DIRECT ELECTION OF
SENATORS BY THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE.
-
UNDERWOOD TARIFF ACT (1913): LOWERED TARIFFS ON
IMPORTED GOODS AND INSTITUTED A GRADUATED INCOME TAX.
-
FEDERAL RESERVE ACT (1913): CREATED FEDERAL RESERVE
BOARD TO OVERSEE BANKS AND MANAGE RESERVE FUNDS.
-
FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ACT (1914): ESTABLISHED FTC TO
MONITOR BUSINESS PRACTICES, FALSE ADVERTISING AND
DISHONEST LABELING.
-
CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT (1914): STRENGTHENED SHERMAN
ANTITRUST ACT BY OUTLINING SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES BUSINESSES
COULD NOT DO.
-
EIGHTEENTH AMENDMENT (1919): NO ALCOHOL! MAKING,
SELLING OR TRANSPORTATION OF IT.
-
NINETEENTH AMENDMENT (1920): GIVES WOMEN RIGHT TO VOTE.
3) What was the long-term impact of the Progressive Era on American life?
-
LASTING IDEA THAT THE GOVERNMENT CAN (AND POSSIBLY
SHOULD) TAKE ACTION TO HELP SOLVE PROBLEMS IN SOCIETY
AND THE ECONOMY.