 There are two main types of plants, nonvascular and vascular
 Eukaryote Cell Type
 Domain Eukarya and Plantae Kingdom
 Multi-cellular and have Cell Wall
 Autotrophs-Make their own food
 Photosynthesis 6CO
2
+6H
2
O+sunlight -
>C
6
H
12
O
6
+6O
2

 Do not have vascular tissue to carry the nutrients and water throughout the plant
 They must live in water or moist surroundings
 They are usually small and grow close to the ground
 No Roots
 Ex. Mosses, hornworts and liverworts are examples of nonvascular plants

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Nonvascular Plants
Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts
(Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta)
Liverworts copyright cmassengale
Hornworts
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 Vascular tissue is small tubes inside the plant that transport food and water through the plant
 two types of vascular tissue: phloem and xylem
 Xylem moves water
 Phloem moves nutrients (aka Food) produced by photosynthesis down from the leaves to the rest of the plant

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Seed-Producing Vascular Plants
Includes two groups –
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones
Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds copyright cmassengale 6

Gymnosperms
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The oldest living plant –
Bristle cone pine
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The tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood copyright cmassengale
Cycad
Ginkgo
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Examples of vascular plants: sequoia tree (Sequoiadendron giganteum)

 Plants that do not have flowers are called
Gymnosperms
 Conifers, ginkgos and cycads are examples of
Gymnosperms

 Plants that have flowers are called
Angiosperms

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Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary
Ovary is within a flower
Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant
Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds) copyright cmassengale 11

 Flowers have male and female parts
 The male part is called the stamen
 The stamen is made of the anther and the filament
 The anther produces pollen

 Pollen is sometimes spread by birds, bats, insects or wind
 All living things on Earth are dependent on plants for their existence.
 We depend on them for food and for oxygen

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Subdivided into two groups –
Monocots and Dicots
Monocots have a single seed cotyledon
Dicots have two seed cotyledons
Parts of the Seed copyright cmassengale 14

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Plant Adaptations
= a plant’s growth response toward or away from a stimulus.
* Positive tropism is when it grows toward a stimulus.
* Negative is when it grows away from it.
* Stimuli can be light, touch, and even gravity.
- Touch (thigmotropism)
[vines coil around anything they touch.]
- Light (phototropism)
[leaves, stems, etc, grow toward light.]
- Gravity (geotropism)
(Positive) roots grow toward gravity’s pull
(Negative) stems grow away from its pull
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Thigmotropism
Phototropism copyright cmassengale
Geotropism
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video copyright cmassengale 18

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 All living things on Earth are dependent on plants for their existence.
 We depend on them for food and for oxygen

 All plants are multicellular
 All plants are eukaryotes
 All plants have a cell wall

 All plants are autotrophs
 They produce energy through the process called photosynthesis
 The formula for photosynthesis is:

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Multicellular eukaryotes
Autotrophic (photosynthesis)
Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose
(polysaccharide)
Store reserve food as amylose (starch) copyright cmassengale 27

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Roots
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Leaves
Stem
Flower
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Seed

 Plants have three main organs

 Leaves
 The leaves function is to capture sunlight and perform photosynthesis

 Stems
 The stems function is to support the plant and provide a place through which water and nutrients move

 Roots
 The roots anchor the plant to the soil and absorb water and nutrients from the soil

Roots have 4 primary functions
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Absorption of water and nutrients
 performed by root hairs
Transportation of water and nutrients to stem
Anchor plant to maintain stability
Store food and water

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Photosynthesis
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Process that plants use to produce their food
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O  C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
Transpiration
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Loss of water and exchange of carbon dioxide

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Transport water and nutrients from roots to leaves
Supports leaves, fruit, and flowers
Food storage

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Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of
Sporophyte stage materials
Require a constantly moist environment
Gametophyte
Stage
Moss Gametophytes &
Sporophytes copyright cmassengale 37

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Plants can’t grow as tall
Cells must be in direct contact with moisture
Materials move by diffusion cell-tocell
Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets copyright cmassengale 38

Plant Divisions
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Plants are divided into two groups
Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials
Called Vascular
System
Vascular
Bundles copyright cmassengale 39

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Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots
Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used copyright cmassengale 40

Examples of vascular plants
Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera)

 Conifers
Giant sequoia
Gingko

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 The female part is called the pistil
 It is made of the stigma, style and the ovary
 Inside the ovary are ovules which when fertilized, will mature into seeds

copyright cmassengale 47

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Produce oxygen for the atmosphere
Produce lumber for building
Provide homes and food for many organisms
Prevent erosion
Used for food copyright cmassengale 48

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Produce wood pulp for paper products
Source of many medicines
Ornamental and shade for yards
Fibers such as cotton for fabric
Dyes copyright cmassengale 49

Plant Adaptations to Land
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Problems:
Need minerals
Gravity
Increase in Height for Light
Adaptations for Drier environment
Reproduction
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Solutions:
Roots absorb H
2
O & minerals
Lignin & cellulose in cell walls
Vascular Transport System
Waxy cuticle & stomata with guard cells
Pollen containing sperm copyright cmassengale 50

copyright cmassengale 51