Presentation Plus! Human Heritage: A World History
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Splash Screen

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CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 World War I
SECTION 2 Between the Wars
SECTION 3 World War II
CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
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Contents

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Chapter 37 discusses international affairs during the twentieth century from World War I through World War II. 
– Section 1 discusses World War I, focusing on its underlying causes, significant campaigns, and impact. 
– Section 2 describes the origins and impact of communism, and traces the rise of dictatorships in Italy and
Germany. 
– Section 3 analyzes the causes, events, and results of World War II.
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Chapter Focus 1

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After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• discuss the causes, events, and results of
World War I. 
• describe how communism developed in
Russia. 
• explain reasons Italy and Germany became dictatorships. 
• trace the course and outcome of World
War II.
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Chapter Focus 2

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• What the causes, events, and results of
World War I were 
• How communism developed in Russia

• Why Italy and Germany became dictatorships 
• What the causes, events, and results of
World War II were
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Chapter Focus 3

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Terms to Learn
• mobilize

• armistice

• soviets

• dictatorship

• appeasement

• genocide

• Holocaust

People to Know
• Franz Ferdinand

• Woodrow Wilson

People to Know
(cont.)
• Nicholas II

• Vladimir Lenin

• Joseph Stalin

• Adolf Hitler

• Winston Churchill

Places to Locate
• Sarajevo

• Pearl Harbor

• Hiroshima

• Nagasaki
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Chapter Focus 3

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The first half of the 1900s was a period of turmoil throughout the world. In 1914, a war broke out in Europe that soon grew to be World War I. Although it ended in
1918, anger over the peace settlement and poor economic conditions following the war led to World War II. The same period also saw the rise of communism in
Russia and neighboring countries.
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Chapter Focus 4

End of Chapter Focus

• For almost 100 years after Napoleon’s defeat, no long, general European war developed. 
• By the early 1900s, however, rivalries among the countries of Europe were causing trouble.
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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 603 of your textbook.
Section 1-1

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• By the early 1900s, tension grew between several European countries. 
• World War I was ignited at Sarajevo, a small town in Austria-Hungary, when Gavrilo
Princip, a teenager, shot and killed
Archduke Franz Ferdinand , heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, in 1914. 
• Austria-Hungary blamed the Serbian government for the Archduke's death and declared war on Serbia.
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Section 1-1

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(cont.)
• Russia, an ally of Serbia, began to mobilize , or call up its troops, to go to
Serbia's aid, and Germany declared war on
Russia to support Austria-Hungary. 
• Together, Germany, Austria-Hungary, the
Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria were called the Central Powers. 
• Russia, Serbia, France, Great Britain,
Japan, Italy, and China were called the
Allied Powers.
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Section 1-2

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• World War I was different from any earlier war as it was the first war where civilians , or people who are not soldiers, were also attacked. 
• Most land fighting involved 31 countries and took place in Europe, the Middle East, and
Africa; naval warfare took place all over the world. 
• A new technology of frightening weapons was introduced. 
• Much of the fighting took place on the western front.
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Section 1-3

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(cont.)
• When German submarines sank American ships with civilians on board, the United
States declared war on Germany. 
• The Americans helped to bring a quick end to the war, in favor of the Allied
Powers. 
• On November 11, 1918, Germany and its allies agreed to an armistice , or a stopping of the war. 
• The war was over, costing the lives of over 13 million soldiers and 17 million civilians.
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Section 1-4

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• Woodrow Wilson , the President of the
United States, had drawn up a peace plan called the Fourteen Points. 
• The peace treaty that Germany signed after
World War I was called the Treaty of
Versailles. 
• The other Central Powers were dealt with in separate treaties. 
• Only one point of President Wilson's peace plan was kept –the League of Nations was established so countries of the world could talk over their troubles.
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Section 1-5

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What made World War I different from earlier wars?
World War I was different for several reasons including: 31 countries with
65 million soldiers took part; there were new types of weapons; and civilians were involved.
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Section 1-Assessment 1

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(cont.)
Why did the United States refuse to join the League of Nations?
They refused to join because many
Americans disagreed with the war treaties and wanted to stay out of world affairs.
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Section 1-Assessment 2

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(cont.)
Identifying the Central Issue Why do you think many Americans opposed United States membership in the League of Nations?
Americans opposed joining because of the technological and global impact of the war.
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Section 1-Assessment 3

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(cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on page
608 of your textbook, and use it to show the new nations created under the treaties ending World War I.
New nations included: Poland, Finland,
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Austria,
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and
Yugoslavia.
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Section 1-Assessment 4

End of Section 1

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• The 1920s and 1930s were difficult for people everywhere. 
• Most were trying to recover from the damage caused by World War I. 
• In 1929, a depression , or a sudden slowdown in business, began. 
• People started to question their forms of government.
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Section 2-1

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• In Muscovy, the years following the death of
Ivan the Terrible in 1584 were called the
“Time of Troubles,” which ended in 1613 with the crowning of seventeen-year-old
Michael Romanov as czar. 
• The first great Romanov ruler was a grandson of Michael's, Peter the Great, who came to the throne in 1682. 
• The next great Romanov ruler was
Catherine the Great, who came to the throne in 1762.
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Section 2-2

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• During the 1800s, there was a great deal of discontent in the Russian Empire. 
• In 1861, Czar Alexander II tried to fairly modernize the country; he freed the serfs, and most became tenant farmers. 
• In 1905, thousands of workers appeared in the palace square asking for a national assembly, freedom of speech and religion, and better working conditions.
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Section 2-3

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(cont.)
• Finally, Czar Nicholas II agreed to some of the workers' demands. 
• World War II made Russia’s problems worse. 
• In March 1917, the Russian people revolted as striking workers jammed the streets of St. Petersburg. 
• The czar was forced to abdicate and a temporary government was set up.
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Section 2-4

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• Following the overthrow of Nicholas II, a revolutionary group called Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin , gained the support of the soviets , or committees that represent workers and soldiers. 
• In November 1917, when the Bolsheviks seized power, Lenin was chosen to lead the new government.
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Section 2-5

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(cont.)
• From 1918 to 1920, Russia was divided by a civil war between the majority Bolsheviks – now known as Communists – and the minority Mensheviks, or non-Communists. 
• By 1924, the Soviet Union was completely under the control of the Communist party and when Lenin died, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad.
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Section 2-6

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• In 1928, Joseph Stalin took control of the government and the Communist party. 
• Stalin set up Five-Year Plans with the major goal to build up heavy industry , or the manufacture of basic materials and machines. 
• Another goal was collectivization , or uniting small farms into large ones controlled by the government. 
• Those who resisted collectivization were either shot or sent to labor camps in
Siberia.
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Section 2-7

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• The worldwide depression, called the Great
Depression, which began in 1929, affected most industrialized countries except the
Soviet Union. 
• Factories closed, millions of people lost their jobs, banks failed, and people lost their savings.
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Section 2-8

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• Some western countries, such as the United
States and Great Britain, had a long tradition of stable, democratic government, but voters felt it should do more now to help the people. 
• Italy was the first nation to become a dictatorship , or a country ruled by a single person with absolute authority. 
• In 1933, Adolf Hitler became chancellor, or prime minister, of Germany, but before long, he set himself up as dictator and called himself Der Fuhrer , which means
"the leader."
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Section 2-9

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• Soon Germany and its allies, Italy and
Japan, began to threaten world peace. 
• The British and the French, afraid of another war, decided to follow a policy of appeasement , or giving in to demands. 
• In Japan, the military who ran the country wanted more land and natural resources and invaded Manchuria, in northern
China.
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Section 2-10

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(cont.)
• In 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a treaty agreeing not to attack each other, and the German army attacked
Poland, overrunning the western part of the country, while the Soviets occupied the rest. 
• The British and the French realized they had made a mistake in not resisting
Hitler's earlier attacks, and both declared war on Germany.
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Section 2-11

How did Peter the Great reform
Russia?
He learned modern western ways.
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Section 2-Assessment 1

(cont.)
What were the goals of Stalin’s
Five-Year Plans?
His main goal was to build up heavy industry.
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Section 2-Assessment 2

(cont.)
Why did Great Britain and France declare war on Germany?
The German army attacked Poland.
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Section 2-Assessment 3

(cont.)
Understanding Cause and Effect
How did the policy of appeasement contribute to the start of World War
II?
Answers will vary.
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Section 2-Assessment 4

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(cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on page 615 of your textbook, and use it to write a headline showing the importance of each of these dates in Russian history: 1613, 1682, 1762,
1825, 1861, 1905, 1917, 1921.
Possible answers: 1613 –crowning of Michael
Romanov/start of Romanov dynasty; 1682
–Peter the Great comes to throne; 1762 –Catherine the
Great comes to the throne; 1825 –reform-minded army officers rebel against the czar; 1861
–
Alexander II frees the serfs; 1905 –workers uprising; 1917 –revolt of Russian people/Bolsheviks seize power; 1921 –defeat of non-communist Whites
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Section 2-Assessment 5

End of Section 2

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• For the second time during the 1900s, the world was at war. 
• World War II caught the Allied Powers– including Great Britain, France, and, later, the Soviet Union and the United States, unprepared. 
• The Axis Powers–Germany, Italy, and, later, Japan –were prepared.

• The war would end with the Allied Powers victorious, after a terrible cost was paid.
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Section 3-1

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• Germany had developed a new way of fighting called blitzkrieg , or “lightning war.”

• Germany crushed Poland and overran most of western Europe except for Great Britain. 
• At the same time, the Japanese took over much of China and Southeast Asia. 
• On December 7, 1941, the Japanese made a surprise air attack on Pearl Harbor. 
• The United States, followed by most of Latin
America, immediately entered the war on the side of the Allied Powers, helping to win the war.
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Section 3-2

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• The United States was the greatest industrial power in the world and provided thousands of planes and tanks and other supplies the Allies were lacking. 
• Hitler ignored the treaty he had signed and attacked the Soviet Union for needed resources. 
• In defense, Soviet troops used a scorched-earth policy, burning cities, destroying their own crops, and blowing up dams that produced electric power.
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Section 3-3

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(cont.)
• The tide of battle turned in 1943 when the
Red Army surrounded German forces at
Stalingrad and forced them to surrender. 
• Soviet forces kept pushing the Germans back all along the eastern front. 
• In 1944, under the command of American
General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Allied troops landed on the beaches of Normandy in
France. 
• German armies were now caught between the Soviets in the east and the Americans,
British, French, and Canadians in the west.
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Section 3-4

(cont.)
• When the Allied forces joined together at the Elbe River in Germany, Hitler and the
Germans realized they could not win. 
• The next day, the war in Europe was officially over.
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Section 3-5

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• The war in Asia and the Pacific was fought at the same time as the one in Europe. 
• At first the Japanese were victorious everywhere. 
• Then, in June 1942, a great sea and air battle took place at Midway Island, changing the course of the war in favor of the Allies. 
• President Harry S Truman, who became
President after Roosevelt, did not want to invade Japan.
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Section 3-6

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(cont.)
• Hoping for a Japanese surrender, he approved the use of a new weapon –the atomic bomb. 
• On August 6, 1945, the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. 
• When the Japanese refused to surrender, a second atomic bomb was dropped on
Nagasaki, Japan. 
• On August 14 Japan surrendered, the peace treaty was signed on September 2 aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, and
World War II was over.
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Section 3-7

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• The Nazis had carried out a program of genocide , or the mass murder of a people, against the Jews and others, known as the
Holocaust . 
• After the war ended, Allied armies in Europe found German concentration camps. 
• The Japanese, too, had killed men, women, and children in the countries they conquered. 
• The Allied governments felt that these cruel acts could not be excused and put German and Japanese leaders on trial for war crimes.
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Section 3-8

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• One result of World War II was the formation of the United Nations (UN), an organization formed to prevent war, lend money, and provide medical care and better education. 
• Following the war, Germany was divided into four zones with each occupied by one of the major Allied powers. 
• The United States occupied Japan for nearly seven years until the Japanese military lost power in the government and
Japan became a democracy.
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Section 3-9

Why did Germany attack the
Soviet Union in 1941?
It attacked because Germany needed the resources of the Soviet Union.
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Section 3- Assessment 1

(cont.)
Why did the United States decide to drop atomic bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
Truman did not want to invade Japan.
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Section 3- Assessment 2

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(cont.)
Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment
If you were living in 1945, would you have supported or opposed the use of the atomic bomb against Japan?
Why?
Answers will vary.
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Section 3- Assessment 3

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(cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on page 622 of your textbook, and use it to show some of the results of World War II for Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union.
Sample responses: Germany –divided into four zones and occupied by Allied armies; capital of
Berlin divided; territory given to Poland; Nazi leaders tried for war crimes; Japan –military government ousted; leaders tried for war crimes; democratic government formed; passage of voting rights for women; recognition of labor unions; secret police abolished; large farms broken up and sold to farm workers at low prices; loans granted to help rebuild the economy; Soviet Union – occupied part of Germany and Berlin; reacquired lands lost after World War I
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Section 3- Assessment 4

End of Section 3

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• In 1914, a conflict between Serbia and
Austria-Hungary began World War I. 
• World War I involved more nations, used more technological weapons, and resulted in more deaths than any other earlier war. 
• The United States entered the war in
1917 and helped defeat Germany and its allies. 
• President Woodrow Wilson was unable to prevent the passage of treaties aimed at punishing Germany.
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Chapter Summary 1

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(cont.)
• Despite efforts by Peter the Great and
Catherine the Great to modernize Russia,
Russian serfs and workers continued to suffer, leading to a series of revolts against the czars and the final overthrow of the government in 1917. 
• Under the leadership of Lenin and then
Stalin, Russia became a Communist nation known as the Soviet Union. 
• A worldwide depression aided the rise of dictatorships and paved the way for a second world war.
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Chapter Summary 2

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(cont.)
• World War II began in 1939 when Germany broke an agreement and invaded Poland.
The United States entered the war in 1941 after Japan bombed naval bases at Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii. 
• Word War II ended a short time after the
United States dropped two atomic bombs on
Japan. 
• After World War II, the United Nations was formed, Germany was divided into four zones, and the United States occupied
Japan.
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Chapter Summary 3

End of Chapter Summary

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How did nationalism contribute to
World War I?
Nationalism fueled the growth of rival alliances and the desire of groups in eastern Europe, such as the Serbs, for independence from Austria-
Hungary.
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Chapter Assessment 1

How was the Treaty of Versailles different from Wilson’s Fourteen
Points?
The treaty punished the nations that had lost the war.
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Chapter Assessment 2

What happened to the world economy in 1929?
A depression set in, factories closed, and banks failed.
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Chapter Assessment 3

Why did the British and French give in to Hitler’s demands at first?
They feared another war.
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Chapter Assessment 4

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What major events led to the defeat of Germany in World War II? To the defeat of Japan?
Allied forces crossed the English
Channel, and the Germans were caught between them and the
Soviets. Atomic bombs were dropped on Japan.
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Chapter Assessment 5

Why was the United Nations formed?
to prevent war
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Chapter Assessment 6

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What do you think might have happened if the United States had not entered World War I?
Chapter Assessment 7

Why do you think so many Soviet peasants resisted collectivization?
The peasants feared losing their lands.
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Chapter Assessment 8

What do you think could have been done to stop Hitler from invading neighboring countries?
earlier counter-aggression
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Chapter Assessment 9

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Do you think the United States would have entered World War II if
Japan had not bombed Pearl
Harbor? Explain.
Chapter Assessment 10

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Location Refer to the map on page
619 of your textbook. Several small island groups in the Pacific Ocean were the sites of battles between the United States and Japan. Why do you think the battles occurred on these islands rather than on the
Japanese mainland?
They were closer and easier to capture.
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Chapter Assessment 11

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Evaluate this 1945 plan: WW II is dragging on. President Truman orders a full invasion of Japan to be launched from California by
American land, sea, and air forces.
poor plan; Japan too far away; troops will be intercepted
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Chapter Assessment 12

End of Chapter Assessment

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Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human
Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.humanheritage.glencoe.com
History Online

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1914
World War I begins
1917
Russian
Revolution
1929
Worldwide depression
1945
First atomic bomb dropped on Japan
1939
World War II begins
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Global Chronology

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1879 –1953
A shoemaker’s son, Joseph Stalin spent his childhood in Georgia, a region south of Russia. He attended a religious school, where he was punished for reading about revolution.
Stalin later adopted the ideas of Karl
Marx. However, instead of doing away with government, as Marx had hoped,
Stalin built an all-powerful state in which workers had little say.
People in History 2.1

Radar
PLUTO
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Fun Facts Contents 3

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Radar, invented by physicist Robert
Watson-Watts in 1935, gave the British a powerful new weapon against the
German air force during the Battle of
Britain. By 1939, a chain of radar stations had been built along
England’s southern and eastern coasts, detecting incoming aircraft and providing an early-warning system.
Fun Facts 3.1

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After D-Day, the Allies installed
PLUTO –Pipe-Line Under the Ocean.
The pipeline ran under the English
Channel and supplied 700 tons of gasoline a day for Allied trucks and tanks advancing across Europe.
Fun Facts 3.2

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November 11, 1918 –the day World War
I ended –is a time when members of the armed services are honored in many of the former Allied countries. Once called Armistice Day, since 1954 it has been called Veterans Day in the United
States. It is Remembrance Day in
Canada and Armistice Day in Britain.
Then & Now 1.1

A Party Theme
Anne Frank
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Then & Now Contents 2

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When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for president in 1932, he adopted the song
“Happy Days are Here Again” as his campaign theme. The Democrats still play the song at their party’s national convention.
Then & Now 2.1

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Anne Frank, a Jewish teenager, kept a diary during the two years she and her family spent hiding from the Nazis in an attic room in Amsterdam. She was arrested in 1944 and sent to the Nazi death camp at Bergen-Belsen, where she died at age 15. Millions of people have read her account, The Diary of a
Young Girl, first published in 1952.
Then & Now 2.2

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As bombs rained down on London,
Britons shortened the German word
blitzkrieg to blitz. Today the word blitz is used for a defensive maneuver in
American football, in which one or more defensive linebackers charge through the offensive line and try to tackle the quarterback before the ball can be passed.
Then & Now 3.1

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