Europe after World War I
 PEACE
-- Treaty of Versailles left many European nations dissatisfied.
- France thought it was not harsh enough on Germany
- -- Italy felt ignored.
German Outrage
 Germany’s economy really suffered because of the Treaty
 Forced Germany to give up control of some of its land and required
Germany to make heavy reparation payments to other countries.
 INFLATION: rising prices.
 By 1923- Germany currency had simply ceased to have an
meaningful value.
 Bottom Line: Germany was going through troubled times.
TOTALITARIAN LEADERS ARISE
 Leader who reflected and expressed the people’s bitterness and
anger.
 These leaders promised a return to greatness for their nations.
-- was appealing to their unhappy people that many were willing to
give up basic freedoms in return for the hope of future glory.
TOTALITARIAN- A FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN WHICH THE
PERSON OR PARTY IN CHARGE HAS ABSOLUTE CONTROL
OVER ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE
FASCISM
 Stressed the glory of the state
 “Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing
against the State.”
-- rights and concerns of individuals were of little importance.
 Forbids/puts down opposition
 Uses violence and war to invigorate the people
Dictatorship
 Government by a leader or group that holds unchallenged
power and authority.
 ONE, SINGLE PERSON
 This allowed no other political parties and ruthlessly crushed
opponents.
BENITO
MUSSOLINI
Italy: Fascist
JOSEF STALIN
USSR - COMMUNIST
EMPEROR
HIRHITO
JAPAN: FASCIST
ADOLF HITLER
GERMANY: FACIST
HITLER’S RISE
 1889: Born in Austria
 1907: Failed Art Student
 1918: Decorated veteran of WWI
 1919: National Socialist Party (Nazis)
 1923: Wanted to imitate Mussolini’s March to
Rome
 Marched to Munich, Arrested, Sent to Jail(for
nine months)
 1925: “Mein Kampf” My struggle– Written
while he was in prison. Stressed nationalism and
devotion to the state.
 1932: Elected, quickly moves up to “Chancellor”
 1933: The Nazis were the most powerful party in
the nations.
HITLER
 1923- Hitler organized an effort to seize power in Germany
by force. Failed.
 Was imprisoned for nine months of a five year sentence.
 MEIN KAMPF (MY STRUGGLE)
-- dreamed of uniting all the Germans of Europe in a great
empire.
“Germany will either be a world power or there will be no
Germany.” he wrote.
Mein Kampf
 Hitler blamed Jews for many of Germany’s problems and
believed that they threatened the purity of the Aryan race.
 “If we pass all the causes of the German collapse in review,
the ultimate and most decisive remains the failure to
recognize the racial problem and especially the Jewish
menace.”

-- Adolf Hitler, 1924.

When he got out of prison he was determined to gain power through
peaceful means.

By 1933 the Nazis were the most powerful party in the nation.
RHINELAND - March 1936
 Treaty of Versailles said that Germany was required to keep its
troops out of an area in the Rhine River valley along the
French border.
 WHY?
 To protect France against possible German aggression.
 MARCH 1936–Hitler sent German troops into the Rhineland.
 -- Claiming that a recent French military agreement with the
Soviet Union threatened Germany.
March 1936
 France was alarmed
 Did not take military action against Germany
 Britain did not want to go to war over it
 Germany’s troops remained – Hitler grew confident.
ANSCHLUSS -- March 1938
 2 years later…
Hitler took action to gain control of neighboring Austria.
(Austrian by birth)
1938- tried to force the Austrian government to agree to
Anschluss – UNION WITH GERMANY
They refused, and Hitler sent troops in.
Germany unifies Austria
SUDETENLAND
-- September 1938
Plans to gain control of a German-speaking portion of
Czechoslovakia called the SUDETENLAND
Encouraged Germans in the Sudetenland to protest
against Czechoslovakian rule.
2. Threatened a military attack.
1.
MUNICH AGREEMENT- October 1938
 Neville Chamberlain- British Prime Minister met with
Hitler and French premier Edouard Daladier, Italy’s
Mussolini, and Germany’s Hitler.
 At a meeting in Munich, Chamberlain and Daladier
agreed to allow Hitler to annex the Sudetenland – AKA
make it part of Germany.
 Czechoslovakia (had no representative) protested the
agreement.
Daladier signing Munich Agreement
Hitler signing
MARCH 1939
 Hitler sent troops into what remained of
Czechoslovakia
 TOOK ALL OF IT!
APPEASEMENT
 APPEASEMENT- giving in to aggressive demands to maintain
PEACE.
 - prevented the outbreak of a needless war.
In your groups
 On page 392- please read out loud the two quotes from
Neville Chamberlain and Winston Churchill.
 Answer the two questions in your notebook (section that
has the quotes)
(10 minutes)
PACT WITH RUSSIA
 AUGUST 1939- he announced a nonaggression pact with
Stalin’s Soviet Union
 Stalin agreed
 Hitler promised not to attack the Soviet Union and vice versa.
 “I have the world in my pocket.” Hitler after Stalin agreed to
the deal.
HITLER ATTACKS POLAND
 To provide an excuse for the attack, Hitler had a German
criminal dressed in a Polish military uniform.
 The man was taken to the German-Polish border and shot.
SEPTEMBER 1, 1939
 Germany claimed it had been attacked by Poland, using the
dead criminal as proof.
 German troops immediately launched a massive invasion of
Poland.
BLITZKRIEG
 “Lightning War.”
 Featured an overwhelming combination of air attack and fast-
moving armored strikes to drive deep into enemy territor.
 -- Germans were well trained and used the blitzkrieg to
devastate Poland
 -- By the end of the month, Poland was in German hands.
ALLIES
SEPTEMBER 3, 1939, Great Britain and France
declared war on Germany.
-- they became known as the allies.
- Little they could do to slow Hitler in Poland
Formed their own strategy
ALLIES STRATEGY
 DECIDED NOT TO ATTACK HITLER AND WAIT FOR
HIS NEXT MOVE
 HOPED GERMAN FORCES WOULD WEAKEN BY
TRYING TO BREAK THROUGH FRANCE’S STRONG
DEFENSE.
SITZKRIEG
 Winter of 1939-1940
Period of inaction came to be known as the
sitzkrieg, or “phony war.”
What was Germany planning?????
MAGINOT LINE
 STRING OF BUNKERS AND FORTRESSES THAT LINED
PART OF THE FRENCH-GERMAN BORDER.
 Defense between France and Germany.
April 1940
 Hitler sends forces in Denmark and Norway
 **aimed at improving Germany’s access to the Atlantic Ocean
May 1940
 One group of German troops quickly conquered the
Netherlands and stormed into Belgium.
 Then they were met by Belgian, British, and French units.
 Allied ships and hundreds of civilian boats plucked nearly
340,000 troops from the coast and carried them to Great
Britain.
France Falls
 German’s bypassed the Maginot Line and shattered
France’s defensive plan.
 By the end of June, France had surrendered to Germany
and Italy, which had joined the war earlier this month.
 German forces now occupied much of France.
 The rest was under the control of French officials who
cooperated with Hitler.
VICHY FRANCE
Part of France controlled by Hitler.
BATTLE OF BRITAIN
 Britain was now led by Winston Churchill
 -- had a gift for inspiring courage and confidence among the
British people.
 He refused to try to negotiate a peace agreement with
Germany.
 MEANWHILE…Hitler was planning to invade Great Britain.
BATTLE OF BRITAIN
 GERMAN PLAN
1. Destroy the British Royal Air Force, or RAF.
Outcome: FAIL.
Using a new technology that used radio waves to detect
approaching airplanes, the RAF inflicted heavy damage on
German planes.
BATTLE OF BRITAIN
 As the battle wore on…
The German air force, Luftwaffe, bombed London.
*Goal of this- to terrorize the public so the would lose the will to
fight.
-1000s died in the raids, but Churchill helped keep the nation’s
spirit up.
BATTLE OF BRITAIN
 Americans followed the
Battle of Britain over
thrilling radio reports of
Edward R. Murrow.
 By late 1940, the Battle of
Britain was over.
 The British had stopped
the Luftwaffe.
 He was an American
Reporter stationed in
London.
 Live broadcasts described
the air raids as bombs
exploded around him
-- Hitler was forced to call off
the attempted invasion.
TENSIONS IN EAST ASIA
 In 1940, Japan formed a military alliance with Germany and
Italy.
These three nations become known as the AXIS POWERS.
AXIS POWERS
American Isolationism- What is going on?
After WWI, Americans did NOT want to go to war again.
The desire to avoid involvement in foreign wars was known as
ISOLATIONISM.
Most Americans remained read to defend their country and its
interests.
Isolationists wanted to preserve America’s freedom to choose the
time and place for such action.
NEUTRALITY ACTS
 Passed in 1935- law meant to prevent the nation from being
drawn into war as it had been in 1917.
At first– NO WEAPONS FOR COUNTRIES WAR
Then – Cash-and-Carry- Countries at war were allowed to
purchase American goods as long as they paid cash and picked
up their orders in American ports.
*Roosevelt hoped that this policy would allow the Allies to slow
Hitler’s Advances.
 Election of 1940
-- Roosevelt decided to run for
a third term in office.
(had never been done before)
Voters decided to stick with
him.
GOAL: make the United
States the “arsenal of
democracy.”
LEND-LEASE ACT- United
States would lend England
weapons for FREE!
ATLANTIC CHARTER
 Roosevelt and British Leader Winston Churchill met secretly
on a ship off the coast of Canada.
 There they agreed to this Atlantic Charter
-- Proclaimed the shared goals of the United States and Britain
in opposing Hitler and his allies.
JAPAN ATTACKS PEARL HARBOR
 By late fall of 1941,
American leaders were
convinced that war between
the United States and Japan
was likely.
 American officials were
determined not to fire the
first shot
 For months, Japanese
military leaders had been
developing plans for a
surprise attack on the
American naval base at Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii.
DECEMBER 7, 1941
: Germany, Italy, Japan would help each
other create a “new order”
 because of aggression America placed an
embargo on Japan (is the partial or complete prohibition of
commerce and trade with a particular country.)
 Japanese wanted to
neutralize Americans
 Pearl Harbor is attacked
 FDR’s Address to America
 “A day that will live in infamy”
 2400 Americans were dead
 Japan, lost only a handful of
submarines and fewer than
30 aircraft.
AMERICAN REACTION
 ANGER
 FEAR
 Rumors spread that Japanese troops would soon invade the
West Coast.
 They strung beaches with barbed wire.
 DECEMBER 8th, 1941 Roosevelt asked Congress for a
declaration of war.
-- two days later, Italy and Germany declared war on the United
States.
MOBILIZING ARMED FORCES
 Needed soldiers and sailors
to fight the Axis Powers
 Following Pearl Harbor,
Roosevelt extended the
draft.
 Millions volunteered
 Eventually, 16 million
Americans would enter the
armed forces.
WOMEN
 Women filled a variety of vital
roles in the military
 10,000 women joined the
Women Accepted for
Volunteer Emergency Service,
or WAVES
 Navy program, in which
women did necessary clerical
work that would otherwise
have to be performed by men.
 1000 women joined the
WOMEN AIRFORCE
SERVICE PILOTS, or WASPS
 WOMEN’S ARMY CORPS, or WAC
 150,000 women served.
 By 1943, demand for their services was so great that the army
created the Women’s Army Corp.
ROSIE THE RIVETER
Producing enough supplies to fight the war required many
workers
-- American men were leaving their factory jobs by the millions
to join the armed forces.
Number of women working outside the home rose dramatically.
“I was a woman doing a ‘man’s job!”
Working women of the war came to be represented by the
symbolic figure known as ROSIE the RIVETER.
MANHATTAN PROJECT
 Most significant science program of World War II.
 -- Top secret program to build an ATOMIC BOMB.
ATOMIC BOMB- a powerful weapon that used energy release
by the splitting of atoms.
Research had begun in 1939, in fear that Germany was already
working on such a weapon.
African Americans in the
workplace
 DEMAND FOR FACTORY WORKERS
 White women took many of these jobs, African Americans
found new opportunities as well.
 BRACERO PROGRAM:
The demand for farm labor led the U.S. and Mexican
governments to establish this program.
*Gave some Mexican workers the chance to work temporarily
in the U.S.
ZOOT SUIT RIOTS
 Arrival of thousands of Hispanic workers led to increased
ethnic tensions.
 In California, tensions boiled over into violence.
ZOOT SUIT RIOTS
June 1943, white sailors stationed in Los Angeles fought with
groups of Mexican American youths during a week of terrible
violence.
Named after the zoot suit, flashy style of clothing favored by
some Mexican American young men.
BATTLE OF ATLANTIC
 Control of the seas was key
to the U.S. and Allies in
defeating the Axis Powers.
 Bismarck was the pride of
the German fleet.
 When Great Britain sunk it
 It was by the sea that the
U.S. could deliver soldiers
and supplies to opponents of
Hitler.
in 1941, Germany went back
to the
U- BOAT
BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC
 Allies had learned to protect their ships against U-Boats
by forming CONVOYS. (remember….is a group of
vehicles, typically motor vehicles or ships, traveling
together for mutual support and protection)
 -- Aircraft flying over the convoy helped spot U-Boats.
 British and Americans did not have enough vessels to
form effective convoys
Made it easy for U-Boats to attack supply ships bound for
Great Britain.
WOLF PACK- U-Boats hunted in groups and attacked at
night.
HAPPY TIME
 Germany’s time during 1940-1941 U-boats sent 100s of ships
and tons of supplies to the bottom of the sea
 In a few short months, 360 American ships were sunk
compared to just 8 German U-boats.
 American shipyards began producing new ships at an amazing
rate.
-- formed larger, better-equipped convoys
By the wars end, 70% of the Germans who had served on a
submarine were dead
THE ATLANTIC BELONGED TO THE
ALLIES
Battle of Stalingrad
 Summer of 1941- Hitler breaks his non-aggression pact with
Stalin and the Soviet Union
 -- Soviet Union decided to join the Allies
 -- Next several months

German forces stormed across the Soviet countryside.
 In the Spring, German armies went after the Soviet Union
 City of Stalingrad was attacked in 1942.
 Bloodiest fighting in the history of warfare, Soviets refused to let
Stalingrad fall.
Germans advance
in Stalingrad
BATTLE OF STALINGRAD
 GERMANS FAILED TO TAKE
STALINGRAD
 In the fighting that followed,
250,000 Axis solders were
trapped by Soviet force.
 Stalingrad was the beginning
of Germany’s collapse in the
Soviet UNION
 Started pushing Soviet
forces began to push
German forces back
toward Germany.
 Hitler’s forces suffered
losses of some 2 million,
and the Soviets paid an
even higher price – 12
million soldiers
 August, 1942: Nazis invade
Stalingrad
 Germans surrender in 1943
OPERATION TORCH
 Commander of what came to be called OPERATION TORCH
 DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER – U.S. LIEUTENANT
GENERAL
• Plan called for American forces to invade the North African
countries of Morocco and Algeria in November 1942
-- Fight for NORTH AFRICA
Anti-Semitism
Hostility toward or prejudice against Jews.
KRISTALLNACHT
 November 8 and 9, anti-Jewish Riots broke out across
Germany
 Became known as Kristallnacht, “Night of the Broken Glass.”
 Claimed that the attacks were a spontaneous reaction to the
assassination of a Nazi official by a Jewish teenager.
-- thousands of Jewish businesses and places of worship were
damaged.
FINAL SOLUTION
 Hitler proposed a killing of an entire people – GENOCIDE –
 At first, the bloody work was carried out by mobile killing
units – Einsatzgruppen (Eyen-sahtz-GROOP-uhn)
 Nazi officials adopted a plan known as the FINAL
SOLUTION the establishment of 6 new camps
Extermination camps for the widespread murder of Jews.
Nearly all inmates were murdered upon their arrival.
-- Exposure to poison gas in specially built gas chambers
FINAL SOLUTION
 3 million Jews died in Nazi extermination, another 3 million
died at Nazi hands.
 In addition to Jews, the Nazi death machine killed about 5
millions others; prisoners of war, disabled people, etc.
YALTA CONFERENCE
 January 1945 FDR took the
presidential oath of office for
the fourth.
 What do we do with Germany
when we win??
 Divide the country into
SECTORS
US
Soviets
British
French
After inauguration he left for a
conference of the Allied
leaders.

Was held in a resort town, in the
Soviet Union.
-- “Big Three.” Roosevelt,
Winston Churchill, Joseph
Stalin. – Met to make plans for
the end of the war and the
peace that was to follow.
To occupy means to take control
of a place by placing troops on
it.



 Elections in Poland
 USSR would declare war on
Japan within 3 months of
German defeat
CROSSING THE RHINE
 As the Big Three were meeting in Yalta, Allied forces to the
west of Germany were preparing to cross the Rhine River.
 German trooped began blowing up bridges over the Rhine in
order to slow the Allies.
- MARCH 1945- American forces managed to capture a bridge
at Remagen
APRIL 12, 1945
 PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT DIES
HITLER
DEAD!!!!!
APRIL 30, 1945
VE DAY
 Germany surrenders May 8.
 VE-DAY
VICTORY IN EUROPE
DAY!!!!!!
HIROSHIMA: AUGUST 6, 1945
ENOLA GAY- AMERICAN B-29
-- flew over the city of Hiroshima
and
dropped its atomic bomb.
80,000 died immediately.
35,000 were injured.
2/3 of the city’s 90,000 buildings
were
destroyed.
AUGUST 9, 1945 United States
dropped its second bomb on
NAGASAKI – DEATH TOLL
40,000.