Running Head: DIGITAL INDIA: DEMOCRATICALLY DEVELOPED INDIA
DIGITAL INDIA: DEMOCRATICALLY DEVELOPED INDIA
Dr. Iftekhar A. Ansari*
Ch. Charan Singh Univerity
Author Note
Dr. Iftekhar A. Ansari, HOD, Department of Political Science, N.R.E.C College, Ch.
Charan Singh University, Khurja, Bulandshahar, Uttar Pradesh (INDIA)
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dr. Iftekhar A. Ansari,
Department of Political Science, N.R.E.C College, Ch. Charan Singh University, Khurja,
Bulandshahar, Uttar Pradesh (INDIA). E-mail : asmaiftekhar@gmail.com
Digital India: Democratically Developed India
Dr. Iftekhar A. Ansari
Assistant Professor N.R.E.C College, Khurja
Destiny of a nation is written by expeditious acquisition and assimilation of
technological development of the Era- that a nation happens to be into. Right from the
day when the humans happen to step on to the surface of the earth, the difference
between one person to another, the distinction of one group from another was created
by the level of their respective technological advancements when pitted against one
another. The earliest of the known civilizations like- Mesopotamian, Harappan,
Mohanjodaro etc. yielded to civilizations that had advanced and technologically better Iron made weapons. Later marches of human history exhibited that the armies having
advanced, better battle plan always vanquished the lesser and technologically
backward armies. Even in medieval ages, it was the innovation of fire, power of cannon
that made the ultimate difference in the success of Mughals in the first and subsequent
Battles of Panipat in India as elsewhere in Middle East and Europe.
In recent past, the pure dominance of western countries- European and
American way of life and their materialistic progress has been the result of application of
innovation and technological advancement to develop and raise their standard of living.
Today the need of the hour in India is to learn from the history of human progress and
take head on the digitalized revolution blowing across the globe. It not only promises to
make the life easy, comfortable and advance but also helpful in delivering people’s
governance to millions of Indians who are starved of even basic condition of human life.
Digitalization is bound to make India developed in every possible way as it reduces to
minimize the involvement of “Human” element that is so prone to biasness, prejudice
and self- centered that it even fails the best of Government policies and intentions. In
the present paper the author tries to bring to light how digitalization can make
democracy more- Participatory, Representative, Just and equitable.
INTRODUCTION
The significance of innovation in human progress is undeniable. Newtonian
propelled scientific centered ideology and technological revolutions invented new
products and services that metamorphosed human welfare and well-being. The
industrial revolution of eighteenth century brought in its fold products and processes
ranging from industrial textiles, railways and electricity to medicines, automobiles; and
later with the advent of computers, satellites, digitally mobilized Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) and more recently nanotechnology, genomics and
biotechnology (Freeman and Soete, 1997)1 ushered in a higher level of development
and human progress for those nations that were quick to absorb and assimilate such
changes. Owing to difference in level of attainment and achievement different nations
have different capacity to assimilate fruits of innovations. There are still countries in the
developing world for example, sub-Saharan African countries which lack proper access
to fundamental innovations. For instance, today 1.6 billion people have no access to
electricity (Practical Action Consulting, 2009)2 while the availability of medicines in
countries such as Tanzania, Kenya, Ghana and Nigeria remains poor (Mackintosh and
Mujinja, 2008)3.
The Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS)4- a nationally representative
survey of about 42,000 households conducted by National Council of Applied Economic
Research (NCAER)5 and the University of Maryland reveals lopsided and unequal
distribution of basic services to Indian citizens even in their sixty eight years of
democratically elected representative form of Government. The data is an eye opener in
term of despicable levels of standards from which even our innovative technologies
have failed to bring our people out from. Only twenty seven per cent of people in 201112 have access to piped waters (indoor), the two- third of the population do not have
flush toilets whereas 886 million Indians possess mobile phones which constitute 70 per
cent of population6. The mobile internet users in India is expected to reach 213 million
by June 2015 on the back of growing smart phone penetration, according to a report by
the internet and mobile association of India (IAMAI) and IMRB International. The
number of mobile internet users in rural India is likely to grow to 53 million by June,
2015, urban India will continue to account for the larger percentage with 160 million
users7. That is a healthy growth and sets the stage for introducing digitalized democratic
penetration among the Indian masses.
One of the main characteristics of world after Industrial revolution and world
before advancement in technological and digital revolution is that the pre- digitalized
world exhibited vertical growth in which the development remained confined to some
people and some countries whereas the post digitalized world have potential of
horizontal growth. It has an ability to engage with questions of fairness and justice in the
application and diffusion of new innovative technologies, especially in developing
countries. Application of technology and diffusion of innovation constitutes major
challenge of democratic, responsive, representative and just governments of developing
nations. The present paper shows exactly how to go about it.
Present Challenges and Potentialities
Democracy in India is at a cross road. It is now more than ever before that the
democracy as a system is put to greatest of challenges. The foundational challenge of
making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government, keeping
military away from controlling government and establishing a sovereign and functional
state may not be there with Indian nation state but expansion of democracy like
applying the basic principle of democratic government across all the regions, different
social groups and various institutions, ensuring greater power to local governments,
extension of federal principle to all the units of the federation, inclusion of women,
minority groups and other marginalized sections of society, ensuring that less and less
decisions remain outside the arena of democratic control, etc., and deepening of
democracy like strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy especially
strengthening those institutions that help people’s participation and control, requiring
attempts to bring down the control of the rich and powerful people in making
governmental decision falls under this challenge.
The threshold of digitalization and advancement in information technology where
the present nation state is standing, a sizeable success has been accomplished by
governments using information and communication technologies to deliver online
services and products to their citizens; and implement
e-government services
considering citizen’s level of comfort with the various Information and Communication
Technologies (ICTs) available. For the youth, it might mean providing online services
via cellular phones and /or an efficient and robust portal that can respond to need for
speed and portability. For senior citizens, it might mean providing one-stop centres
where they can receive assistance to access online services without needing an even
moderate knowledge of ICTs. For others, it might mean providing integrated portals,
whose back office operations are interlinked; thereby providing a seamless transition
from one service to another. For the disadvantaged, it might mean providing more ICT
centres that allow them free or subsidized access to services. For the functional
illiterate, it might mean providing different forms of communication such as audio in lieu
of text. For the physically impaired, it might mean designing tools than enable them to
easily access online services.
Over the past several years and with the emergence of new and engaging
digital platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, You Tube and Word Press, the online
social media have come to play an increasingly prominent role in the manner of
communication. One- way output of information has given way to communication that is
individually or collectively generated and shared by online users who are now as much
active producers of information as they are passive consumers. In tandem with this, the
public increasingly expects official bodies and institutions to have an active online
presence, and expects that information is presented and distributed through those
digital platforms where they themselves are present. The availability of two way digital
means of communications has opened up immense possibilities so far as participative,
deliberative Democracy is to take any meaningful interface. It can be used to increase
the participation of the electorate, help citizens in making informed decision about their
political responsibilities, boost communication between ruler and the ruled, engage all
members of the political community and improve transparency and thrust in legislative
rule formulation. In short usher in an era of e- Democracy, having all the characteristic
of Direct Democracy.
DIGITALIZATION- WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
It is an integration of digital technology into everyday life by the digitization of
everything that can be digitized. Here the key terms are “Digital”, “technology” and
“Digitized”. Digital means finite, discontinuous phenomenon such as on, or off as
opposed to infinitely varying and continuous analog phenomenon such as brightness of
the sunlight during day. Technology means the purposeful application of information in
the design, production and utilization of goods and services, and in the organization of
human activities. Digital Technology transmits data in a code represented by two states
on or off (presence or absence of ) electrical voltage, represented in literature by
symbols “1” and “0” which together are called binary digits. Digital transmission requires
comparatively larger bandwidth as it has to carry far more information. Digitization
means conversion of analog information in any form text, photograph, voice etc. to
digital form with suitable electronic devices such as scanner or specialized computer
chips so that the information can be processed, stored, and transmitted through digital
circuits, equipment, and network8. Here it refers to web or mobile-based application of
technology for organization of human activities.
All those political activities seeking participation and involvement of citizens in
government’s decision making process can be channelized through it. The participation
of citizens in pre legislation scrutiny, in drafting bills and other controversial issues
having broader implications for the citizens, or such bills wherein parliament is stalled by
opposition parties or requirement of certain legislation so far ignored by the legislative
bodies -on such issues and others a referendum can be held and opinion of citizens can
be sought. This can be done at all the three levels of governance- centre, state and
panchayat. It involves creation of internet sites or platforms that make provision either
for posting comments as a reaction to particular published content or social platforms
that allow for two- way interactions through User- Generated Content (UGC) and
communication. Here social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, You Tube,
Bambuser, Vimeo, Blogs, Flickr, Linkedln and Google+ etc. can be effective. In addition
to these platforms, there are a variety of ‘dashboards’ designed to consolidate social
media messages and postings over various platforms for example Threadsy, HootSite
and Buffer to name a few and software programmes that assist in monitoring social
media discussions (for example, Tweetdeck and Meltwater Buzz) in order to provide
feedback to the user.
Other than these, India can develop its own specific software that can provide
platform to its citizens for democratic specific interactions like other platforms popular in
select countries or regions include Cloob (Iran), Cyworld (South Korea), Friendster
(South East Asia), Grono.net (Poland), hi5 (part of Asia, Central Africa and Latin
America), Mixi (Japan), Space (Russia), Orkut (Brazil, India) and Sina Weibo (mainland
China). The new tools and platforms provided by emerging social media can play an
important role in assisting Digitized Democratic Initiatives (DDI) to adhere to
principles of impartiality, independence and integrity to people managing it besides
bringing transparency, efficiency, and professionalism to the whole system involved in
the process of e- democratization. In terms of benefits following are some of the
potential benefits that social medial can bring to election management alone. The
benefits can be grouped into three broad categories: firstly, easier communication with
the electorate; secondly, engagement with new audience; and thirdly, increased
accessibility and transparency. Let’s take up these benefits one by one to better
understand it.
1. ENGAGING ELECTORATE
Social media provides an opportunity to engage with the voters through
shared and open discussions. In event of necessity to share a piece of information
quickly, Digitized Democratic Initiatives (DDI) can directly access an existing audience
of voters in a constituency or region or district, who can then share the information
within their own respective networks in an ongoing and ever-expanding process. It
enables interaction with citizens in a way that fosters dialogue and communication, not
mere information. It makes possible fast dissemination of information and obtain
information on the part of voters and other stakeholders in the electoral process. Equally
important is the real- time information that can be gathered from the electorate.
Listening to an audience and understanding their needs and opinion as posted on social
media platforms is a key element of successful social media usage for digitalized
democracy and it just can not be underestimated. DDI can supplement more traditional
means of communication with the electorate. It may include telephone enquiry service,
public enquiry desks and suggestion boxes at public places like markets, shopping
precincts or transport hubs, interactive radio and television programming. Social media
enable DDI may help in advertising these events and services widely and encourage
greater public participation in identifying and assessing what the electorate needs and
expects from the democratic institutions. Methods and means for doing this may vary
from online quizzes, online polls, posting ‘tweet’, creating and commenting blogs,
allowing users to post videos, posting questions to encourage online debates,
monitoring such platforms and developing immediate responses to issues of concern.
2. ENGAGING NEW AUDIENCES
Engaging those who had been left out so far in the traditional democratic setup
is the significant feature of DDI. It has an ability to reach a wider audience and convey
information to specific social groups which may not have been able to access previously
and better understand the needs of various demographics within an electorate and the
ways in which cross sections of society participate in democratic process and engage
with politics in general. The way in which different sections of a society access and
relate to social media platforms are influenced by factors such as the ‘digital divide’
that is the discrepancies that exist between social groups in terms of access to digital
technology, education levels, class disparities etc. It is exactly these groups commonly
identified as youths, minorities, women, tribals, displaced persons and others that DDI
aims to engage and include in political process. As per studies, indication is that social
media activity on the internet is spread across all age groups (Deloitte 2010: 5) 9, it
would be wrong to assume that new media- digital media- is most actively used by
youth. Even if it may vary in Indian scenario, the heartening factor for Indian democracy
is that the majority of population in India consists of Youths and their tribe shows an
increasing trend in future.
A research study on ‘Participatory Politics- New Media and Youth Political
Action’ found that, new media in the form of DDI has the potential to facilitate an
equitable distribution of political participation among young people from different…
ethnic groups’ ( Cohen and Kahne 2012: 20-30)10. The inclusion of women in the
political process becomes all the more significant as women constituting half the
population of Indian and the increasing emphasis place upon the empowerment of
women in India. Globally, as a 2010 ComScore study on the ways in which women are
using the internet and social networking sites reveals, women are slightly less
connected to the internet than men, with 46 per cent of the global web population being
female (Vollman, A., Abraham, L. and Morn, M.P., 2010)11. However, the studies also
find that ‘once online, women are more connected than men’ and on average women
spend more time on social networking sites. Although females may not be using social
media for predominantly political purposes, with the right strategy and approach social
media may provide an opportune means to attract this audience into the political arena.
3. INCREASED TRANSPARENCY AND ACCESSIBILITY
DDI’s are especially important in promoting transparency and accessibility of
political processes. Social media can disseminate impartial, accurate and timely
information and respond promptly to queries and requests through both formal and
more informal platforms. While this is true for all digitalized democratic initiatives (DDI),
it is especially relevant during initial and transitional periods when building confidence
and trust between voters and political actors is crucial. To do this, consideration should
be given to confidence- building activities such as providing avenues of dialogue and
consultation with political actors.
e- READINESS INITIATIVES12
The establishment of the National Informatics Centre (NIC) in 1977 was the
first major step towards e- Governance in India as it brought ‘information’ and its
communication in focus. From being used for ‘word processing’ in early years, with the
advancement in communication technology the government departments started using
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for a number of applications like
tracking movement of papers and files, monitoring of development programmes,
processing of employees’ pay rolls, generation of reports etc. However, the main thrust
for e- Governance was provided by the launching of NICNET in 1987- the national
satellite- based computer network which was extended via the state capitals to all
districts headquarters by 1990. A year prior to formation of union ministry of IT in 1999,
National Task Force on Information Technology and Software Development was
constituted that launched “Operation Knowledge” aiming towards universalization of
computer literacy and spreading the use of computers and IT in education before
initiating 12- point minimum agenda for e- Governance in union Government
Ministries/Departments in year 2000 that made mandatory use of ICT to improve their
internal working and provide citizen satisfaction through citizen visible e- Governance
initiatives, such as Kiosks and citizens charters. In the last 10 to 15 years certain eGovernance initiatives were launched under following categories:
1. Government to Citizen (G2C) initiatives
2. Government to Business (G2B) initiatives
3. Government to Government (G2G) initiatives
1. Government to Citizen (G2C) initiatives
In this category a large number of initiatives were taken by both union and
state governments to reach the citizen, to have major impact on the lives of people at
large through enhancing the quality of government serviced to citizens, bringing more
transparency, reducing corruption and subjectivity, reducing costs for citizens and
making government more accessible. Following were the slew of initiatives undertaken
at Union and various state levels:
a. Computerization of Land Records (Department of Land Resource, Government of
India)
b. Bhoomi Project in Karnataka: Online delivery of land Records
c. Gyandoot Service delivery initiative in M.P through Soochanalayas operated by local
youths as
Soochaks.
d. Lokvani Project in U.P providing a mixture of essential services.
e. Project FRIENDS in Kerala means to pay taxes and other financial dues to state
government.
f. e- Mitra Project in Rajasthan through- LokMitra and JanMitra projects.
g. e-Seva Project aims to deliver online services to citizens through government
departments.
h. Revenue Administration through Computerized Energy (RACE) Billing Project in
Bihar to curb corruption in payment of bills.
i. Admission to Professional Colleges- Common Entrance Test (CET) pioneered by
Karnataka.
2. Government to Business (G2B) initiatives
It encompasses all activities of government which impinge upon business
organizations. The objective was to provide a congenial legal environment to business,
expedite various processes and provide relevant information to business. Following
were some of the initiatives:
a. e- Procurement Project in Andhra Pradesh to avoid human interaction during prebidding and post- bidding stages.
b. e- Procurement in Gujarat.
c. MCA 21 Mission Mode Project under the NeGP implemented by Ministry of Corporate
Affairs to provide easy and secure online access to all registry related services to
corporate and other stakeholders at any time and in a manner that is best suited to
them.
3. Government to Government (G2G) initiatives
It helps in making the internal government process more efficient. Many a time
G2C and G2B processes necessitate the improvements in G2G processes.
a. Khajane Project in Karnataka is a comprehensive online treasury computerization
project of the Government of Karnataka.
b. SmartGov is a mechanism for transforming the “hard copy environment” to a “digital
environment” in the Andhra Pradesh Secretariat.
DIGITAL DEMOCRATIC INITIATIVE: A PROPOSAL
The e- Government initiatives earmark certain salient features that are common
for Digital Democratic Initiatives (DDI) which is being proposed here. First and
foremost is the political support at the highest level. It is a sine qua non for successful
implementation of e-Government initiatives at all the three levels of governments in a
democratic setup in India. e- Governance is at infancy in India and it has to take a
galloping and finally flying stage to come of age. Despite this, the e- Governance efforts
and available knowledge infrastructure at various states set up the stage for initiation of
digital democratic initiatives (DDI). Successful projects require an empowered leader
with a dedicated team who can conceptualize and implement e- Governance projects
with the help of officials at all levels and technological solutions providers.
For the success of DDI a team of officials at every department and ministry needs to be
created to operate and monitor two way interactions between citizens and government.
Major e-Governance projects bear fruits only when application of IT is preceded by the
process of re-engineering. Initiatives like DDI that involves and aims complete
transformation of governance there has to be an end-to-end ICT enablement coupled
with process re- engineering. At the outset, a pilot project should be introduced. Scaling
up should be attempted only after the success of pilot project. System should have the
flexibility to incorporate changes mid-way on the bases of experience at the initial stage.
In rural areas, issues of connectivity and electricity supply are of paramount importance;
and all components are to be identified and analyzed at the outset. A state wide network
needs to be put in place. This will involve linking all the departments of the Government
with various district headquarters and the state capital, facilitating the flow of information
between the various state departments and it’s constituents. Here various blocks will be
linked to district Headquarters, district headquarters to State Headquarters and state
Headquarters to the National Capital. Government Kiosk’s manned by Soochaks in
Soochanalayas can be taken as model in villages to connect them to village
panchayats, state governments’ ministries and Union ministries through social media or
directly for establishing two way interactions at the initial stage in places where
computer literacy is low and accessibility is poor.
E- DEMOCRACY ALIAS CITIZEN TO GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE (C2G)
Citizen To Government (C2G) initiative will mainly constitute the areas where
the citizen interacts with the government. It will include areas like 
Election: when citizens vote for the government;

Pre-legislative consultations in which citizens participate through social media;

Provide feed back and redefine drafts of government bills through comments
and inputs;

Offer suggestions when select committee conducts town hall meetings and
invites opinion;

Census where citizen provides information about himself to the Government;

Taxation where citizen is paying taxes to the government.
In a country like India which is known for diversity of culture and plurality of people,
introduction of citizens to government initiative referred here as DDI claims that people
who are potentially affected by a proposed legislation- whether adversely or favorablyshould be able to have a say in the law making process at an early stage through the
process of pre- legislation consultation which should be institutionalized for transparent
and inclusive law making is more likely to reflect the will of the people.
In this regard following procedure may be adopted:
a. Every Central government department must publicize details of a proposed
legislation on the internet and other media before being introduced in Parliament.
b. The draft bill must be accompanied with an explanatory note outlining the essential
provisions of the bill and its impact on the environment and lives of affected people.
c. The public should be given at least 30 days to comment. Following publication, these
comments should be submitted to the relevant parliamentary standing committee
examining the draft bill.
d. Appropriate subject matter experts should also have an opportunity to inform and
redefine draft bill.
e. Draft bills having wider public importance should be referred to a select committee.
f. Select committee should factor in all the inputs received through social media sites
and other media written or electronic.
g. Select committee should place notices in leading newspapers publicizing the
committee, its visit and its mandate before touring the state and holding district- wide
town hall meetings.
i. On the basis of these wider consultations, select committee should suggest
amendments, after balancing competing views, to the original bill introduced in the
house.
j. The draft bill can then be debated in the house before accepting and finally passing it.
Public consultation will ensure that the legislation, while by no means
perfect, may include many people- friendly provisions that will impact their lives. It is an
attempt to change the role of citizen from passive information giving to active citizen
involvement. The concept of e- Democracy will put in place the Government that will be
informing the citizen, representing the citizen, encouraging the citizen to participate,
debate and offer suggestions, consulting the citizen and engaging the citizen in the
Governance. Taking the citizens’ input about the various government policies by
organizing an e-debate will further strengthen the e-democracy. The concept of edebate is similar to chat over the Internet, wherein not only the citizens but also the
political leaders contesting the elections participate. The citizens give their feedback
about the various policies of the parties and particularly the manifesto of the party. The
initiative will further strengthen the process by enhancing the representative role,
improving accessibility of citizens to their elected members and developing the capacity
of elected representatives to engage in e- government. Elected members will also be
provided with access to the local authority’s Internet and e-mail system so that they
become available online for decision making and people can easily access them.
Essentials for achievement:
Citizen Participation: For achievement of the above initiative the citizen has
to participate in the Government Decision making process and therefore spreading
awareness becomes the responsibility of the state. The elections should not be fought
on the principle of what party or other has to offer. But they should be fought on the
principle of what the citizens require.
Establish a network: Diverse resources spread geographically should be
treated as they were centralized. Government can use databases, telecommunication
networks, and standardized processing systems to establish contacts with central-tolocal, ministry-to-ministry, executive-to-legislature, and decision maker-to-data store.
Managing process performance: Planning, monitoring and controlling the
performance of process resources (human, financial and other). The rational is to make
more efficient or effective use of process resources.
CONCLUSION
The rapid rise in the use of social media over the last few years has made
radical changes in the manner of our communication, as well as the character and
format of the communications we share. It presents both opportunity and challenges for
digital democratic initiatives. Such initiatives can make use of these channels of
communication with relative ease and speed in order to improve communication,
transparency and accessibility; to gather and reciprocate information; to access
particular targeted audience; and to build a greater sense of engagement and
participation among the electorate through out the electoral process and beyond. But
there is a word of caution as well, that should not be overlooked- that of staff capacity
building and awareness towards resource management; of the need to incorporate
social media use with existing strategies and policies; of the importance of links with
traditional media; to be alert to possible risks and dangers such as negative posts and
unauthorized sites, and the implications for internet security.
Such challenges calls upon creation of carefully formulated social media
strategy in identifying and implying the most effective ways of using media to engage
with the electorate. Ascertaining in advance basic elements such as the kinds of
platforms to be used, as well as the target audience to be addressed, determine the
resources required as well as the most important topics to be discussed. Finally, an
ideal blend of traditional outreach and civic education methods should be adopted and
digital media platforms are to be used in such a way as to complement them.
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