HOA Review Day 5: Great
Depression and 20th Century Wars
Economy in the 1920’s
Causes & Effects of the Great
Depression
Limited Wars
Guerilla Wars
Examine the factors that contributed
to a growing economy in the 1920’s.
Reasons for economic boom
• United States: economy boomed post-WWI, Consumerism, credit, investments in
stock market, advertising, increased trade
• Canada: Pre-WWI-dependent on imports from Britain. Due to wartime demand and
the decline of British imports, textile and chemical production expanded. War
accelerated Canadian manufacturing and by the mid-1920’s the Canadian economy
boomed, mostly due to trade with the U.S.
– Post-WWI: Britain in debt & U.S. is the new world economic leader  U.S. investment and trade with
Canada increased
– Huge growth in 1920’s because of natural resources: paper, mining, forestry, branch
plants
– Urbanization
• Latin America: Since they focused on exports, LA countries were slow to develop
their own industries. For finished goods, LA relied on imports and set up a system
of dual reliance on the export-import trade: LA depended on export of resources
for income, but also relied on foreign imports for industrial goods. During WWI,
European economic problems caused a decline in export-import trade (supply >
demand)
In what ways, and with what results,
did the Stock Market Crash lead to the
Great Depression.
With reference to at least one country
of the region, to what extent was the
Wall Street Crash of 1929 a cause of
the Great Depression?
Wall Street Crash a cause of the GD?
• Might argue that the crash was only to some extent a
cause of the Depression
• While the collapse of the stock market may have
triggered economic turmoil, it was not the sole cause
of the Great Depression
• GD in the US was a combination of factures that
matured throughout the 1920’s: Fewer than 5% of
people owned stock so most were not directly affected.
Really disastrous fall came in 1931-1932.
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Causes of the GD in the U.S.
Uneven prosperity
Personal debt
Playing the stock market
Overproduction
After the crash…..
Massive selling of stocks
Lack of buying & lack of production = unemployment
Risky loans hurt banks
Bank Runs
Causes of the GD in Latin America
• Initial effects of the Depression were similar to US and
Canada
• ↓ demand of LA goods = ↓ flow of capital
• ↓ value of currency
• ↓ employment
• ↓ foreign investment
• LA countries in debt to foreign banks
• Due to foreign tariffs, LA goods become unaffordable
• The difference???
– Gov. intervention in LA economy became the norm
– Huge political effects = military takeovers & coup d'états
Analyze the social effects of the Great
Depression.
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New jobs created by PWA & CCC
Hoovervilles
Dust Bowl
Radio
Sports
Photography
Art Programs
Impact on minorities
Political: more liberal turn in US (FDR = trickle up theory)
How successfully did any one Latin
American country deal with the
challenges brought about by the Great
Depression?
How successfully did any one Latin American country deal
with the challenges brought about by the Great Depression?
BRAZIL
• High foreign debt & Manufactured goods came from overseas, so most profits from exports (coffee) were spent
on imports = no profit
• Instead of intervention in the coffee industry, President Washington Luis focused on developing industry, saw
decline as temporary
• Prestes (supported by Luis) won election of 1930 and instead of paying debts, bought coffee surplus &
attempted to stabilize prices
• Most Brazilian rural workers were landless laborers that planters could no longer afford to pay
• Migration to cities
• Increased unemployment
• Uprisings (Already deep-seated political issues, but economic crisis made it worse)
• In October 1930, Vargas led a number of revolts, overthrew Prestes, and was installed as provisional president.
• Political dominance and charismatic personality created political stability and allowed for a change in economic
policies
• Support the coffee industry while attempting to wean Brazil off it’s dependence on this crop
• ↓ tree planting, ↓surplus so demand increases
• Diversify the economy (livestock & cotton)
• Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)
• National Corporations created – steel, iron, aircraft, railroads, road construction
How successfully did any one Latin American country deal with the
challenges brought about by the Great Depression?
ARGENTINA
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Economic system was based on foreign investment (UK)
Most meat & wheat exported to UK, and imported British coal and oil
British investors built and owned bus/railways
After first democratic elections in 1916, Hipolito Yrigoyen was elected (wanted to decrease dependence on British oil)
GD = Immediate effect on demand for exports
Due to tariffs, value in cash crops ↓ 43%
High unemployment - blamed Radicals
In September 1930, Yrigoyen was overthrown and a military junta was established
In 1932, General Agustin Justo became president
Relied on the Concordancia – coalition of anti-Yrigoyen Radicals, Conservatives & socialists who maintained power
through electoral fraud and corruption.
Implemented policies not meant to change the economy, but to increase traditional areas of interest and income –
livestock and agriculture
Established agricultural regulatory boards
Restore positive trade with the UK
Import Substitution Industrialization
Helped create jobs & new industries: Public works projects: centered on developing infrastructure – highways, railroads
Political Changes in Latin America post-GD
• Economic effects are often overshadowed by the political
changes
• Although countries recovered relatively quickly, it was under
newly-established military dictatorships that controlled the
economy
• Agricultural products continued to dominate
• ISI used by Brazil and Argentina became a model for developing
countries to escape from economic dependence on the
Western, industrialized economies
• New urban elite emerged with ISI – social inequalities continued
• Political systems shifted towards authoritarianism, and from this
point forward, military leadership was dominant in the region.
Why was there opposition to the New
Deal policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt?
• The New Deal attracted much opposition: from
the political right and the political left. Candidates
that choose to answer this question could focus
on the groups, or individuals, and arguments of
the opposition, or on the individual programs of
the New Deal and opposition to them.
New Deal Opposition
• Conservatives: government too involved in economy, stay
out of business, gave too much for relief
• Liberals: FDR could do even more
• Farmers: FDR did not represent farmers
• Huey Long (share our wealth): distribute wealth even more
• Francis Townsend: (old age revolving pension plan) –
encourage elderly to retire ($200/month) and jobs replaced
by young unemployed
• Father Coughlin: FDR did not do enough to change banking
system; blamed Jews
• Supreme Court: too much power to Executive Branch
Analyze the principal causes of either
the Algerian War or the Falklands War.
• This question requires that candidates
produce an ANALYSIS which focuses clearly on
the important causes of either war. A simple
narration of events will not be scored well.
Causes of
Algerian War
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20
Century Wars
Falklands War
Analyze the reasons for, and results of,
either the Algerian War (1954-1962) or
The Gulf War (1991)
The Algerian War
Reasons
Results
• Long-Term reasons that caused
resentment of French rule and the status
of Algeria as a province of France: the
colon population which controlled much
of Algeria’s land, resources, and political
power despite the overwhelming Muslim
majority; failure of peaceful attempts
post-war, resentment at the failure of
Paris to recognize decolonization postWWII, Setif Massacre
• Short-Term reasons: encouragement of
the FLN by Vietnam, examples of colonial
nationalism witnessed in French colonies
of Morocco and Tunisia – both of which,
obtained independence
• Human Costs (est. 300,000-1M)
• Economic costs of the conflict for
those involved – not only FLN and
France, but also impact on colons and
refugees into France
• Examination of the types of warfare
adopted by the sides in a conflict and
its impact on relations between
communities (FLN use of terror,
French use of torture)
• Crisis of the Fourth Republic = de
Gaulle coming to power
• Eventual independence of Algeria in
1962 (Evian Agreements)
The Gulf War
Reasons
Results
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Long-Term: Conflict from Iran-Iraq War,
Saddam’s persecution of groups,
economic problems
Short-Term: Invasion of Kuwait (include
his justification for the invasion –
historical grounds, OPEC, attempt to
impose Iraqi hegemony & boost
economic strength), Saddam’s refusal to
comply with UN resolutions, mistaken
belief that the US would not intervene
From the viewpoint of the “coalition:” the
reasons for war ranged from the
protection of the integrity of Kuwait,
prevent possibility of Iraqi oil control,
protection of Saudi Arabia & Isarel
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Losses suffered by Iraqi military
(100,000) and civilians (10,000)
Huge financial costs of war
Growth in refugee populations, not only
in war-affected areas, but also in other
Arab states
Promotion of unrest within Iraq by
Kurds/Shi’ites = more oppression
Liberation of Kuwait
Triumph of the coalition – but not the
toppling of Saddam, whose popularity
actually rose in parts of the Arab world
because of his attempts to avenge
Palestine
Environmental consequences of oil rigs
With reference to two twentieth
century civil wars, to what extent do
you agree with the claim that victory
was decided by the nature and extent
of foreign intervention.
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Foreign intervention in 20th century
Civil Wars
Chinese Civil War
Korea
Vietnam
Whichever wars are chosen, responses are required to focus on both the
nature and extent = this requires specific detail as to what type of aide was
provided (financial/raw materials/military technology/military personnel,
etc.) and consideration as to whether victory for one side in the conflict was
a consequence of such intervention.
• To what extent needs to be addressed, so other factors that played a role in
victory should be examined – for example, popular support for one side,
superior military strategy, possession of economic and logistical advantages,
factionalism that weakened one particular side, failure of outside powers to
maintain support
To what extent was the CCP’s victory in
the Chinese Civil War due to guerilla
warfare tactics?
• This question requires consideration of the
EXTENT to which guerilla warfare was a
significant factor in determining the outcome
of civil war in China. Descriptive accounts of
this period will NOT score well.
Guerilla Warfare in the Chinese Civil War
• Reasons for/circumstances of the adoption of guerilla tactics
following the breakdown of the First United Front (1927)
• Reasons for eventual victory of the CCP should include a
consideration of the ways in which guerilla warfare was used
to ensure the survival and expansion of communism in China
• Reference retaliation to the conflict with the GMD & Japan
• Counter-Arguments: errors made by GMD, appeal of
communism to the local populations, economic crisis that
decreased support for GMD, conversion of the CP from
guerilla to conventional warfare post-WWII and why that was
possible, nationalism after the Long March
“Guerilla warfare was an important factor in
achieving success in twentieth century wars.” To
what extent do you agree with this statement?
• Candidates will be allowed to select evidence from a large number of wars where
guerilla warfare was used – popular choices will include Vietnam, Korea, China
• Factors in achieving success may include: a secure base of operations; appropriate
terrain; a strong political program to attract and maintain popular support;
commitment to a long-term strategy to wear down enemy resistance; external
support include men, arms, equipment and financial resources; strong ideological
commitment; a well-organized and committed organization; skilled, charismatic
leadership; use of terror and coercion; weak opposition which lacked popular
appeal or alienates the population through oppressive/unpopular policies
• In their conclusion, candidates should make a judgment on the quotation, and note
other factors….counter argument!
In what ways were wars “limited” in
the twentieth century? Include specific
reference to two wars from two
different regions.
Limited War
Falklands
Gulf War
Other practice prompts…..
• “Many twentieth century wars had the characteristics of both a limited
and a total war.” With reference to two wars explain the extent to which
you agree with this statement.
• In what ways, and with what results, did either the Korean War OR the
Vietnam War bring about social and cultural changes in the countries
involved?
• Define guerilla warfare, and discuss its significance in two wars, each
chosen from a different region.
• To what extent did changes in military tactics and strategies determine
the outcome of twentieth century wars?
• Assess the social and economic causes of one twentieth-century war.
(Assess the social results of two wars, each chosen from a different
country.)
Best way to study paper 2 topics….
• Be able to explain the short/long term causes
& short/long term effects of:
– One twentieth century war from each region
– Two of each type of warfare (total, limited,
guerilla, civil)