The
Industrial Revolution
Late 18th/ Early 19th century
War of 1812
Positive Effects- spurred economic
growth in the U.S.
•
self-sufficient manufacturing – domestic
production of goods
•
Free enterprise system emerges
•
nationalism increases
•
foreign respect increases
•
Decreases dependence on cottage industries
Quick Vocabulary

Industrialization- for example, when an
economy goes from being based on
agriculture to being based on manufacturing
and other industries.

Urbanization- becoming more like a city

Free Enterprise- a type of economy where
products, prices, and services are determined
by the market, not the government.

Push Factor-something that drives people
away from a place

Pull Factor- what draws people to a new
location
What were the causes of rapid
industrialization and urbanization
in the U.S.?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Geography limited farming in the North
Water was available to power machines
(therefore, factories were built near
water)
New inventions
Trade restrictions during War of 1812
More jobs in cities and
transportation/housing encouraged
migration to cities
Plentiful natural resources
Transportation
Before
Transportation After
As settlers/immigrants began moving west
in search of business opportunities. As a
result, the government built roads/railroads
to promote the free enterprise system
Transportation After
The Erie Canal (New York)
Towns grow
along canals
where boats
stopped to
load/unload
-1817 to 1825
-363 miles - much further than any other American or European
canal
-1/4 of the workers were Irish
-Used as an inland route to ship goods
Effect: Caused shipping prices in the Midwest to decrease and
made it possible to get goods from the west to New York City
Robert Fulton - the Steamboat
•
Similar to the railroad -they both made it less
costly to ship goods.
•
People and goods move up and down river
Railroads
Effects:
 speeds
 lowers
Henry Bessemer—steel production process
that had a major impact on Westward
expansion with the building of railroads
up transportation
freight charges
 links
Northeast and Midwest and
increases communication
 Opens
new markets for goods
 Pollution
(negative)
Where are most railroads
located???
Positive Impacts Improvements in
Transportation
•
Greater connection between regions
•
Roads and canals reduce shipping cost
and contribute to development of cities
•
Railroads also lead to development of
cities and increases markets for goods
•
Transcontinental Railroad completion
opens up the west for settlement
•
Urbanization of North increases
Negative effects –
Industrial Revolution and
Urbanization
•
Air pollution
•
Destruction of the natural environment
•
Spread of slavery
What innovation
do you think
made the greatest
impact on the
increase in
urbanization??
Samuel Slater
(“Father of the Factory System”)
Making goods in factories with machines was more efficient
than making goods by hand!
Early US Factory System
Located where water was accessible as water was used to power
the mills
• Encouraged urbanization as workers moved closer to factories
(better paid jobs)
• Employed entire families for low wages
•
•
•
Women could work outside their home
Families were motivated b/c growing conditions in the north were poor
The “Lowell Mills”
•
Young farm women worked the mills and lived
boarding houses/dorms
•
Women looking for jobs migrated from rural areas to
cities
–
Followed strict rules: attend church, learn to read,
become ‘the marrying type’
–
Working conditions: deafening and dangerous
–
Pay: high early on; plummeted w/more competition
– DANGERS INCREASED
Lowell Mill
•
These textile mills were created by Francis Cabot
Lowell who used primarily female workers.
The Lowell Girls
New
England
dominance
in Textiles
Textiles = woven
fabric
Steam Power

After 1850’s steam engines run
mills and replace water as main
power source
 Factories
could be moved away
from water

This steam power increases
production of goods
 allows
use of UNSKILLED laborers
(increased demand for factory
labor)
Interchangeable Parts—Eli
Whitney
first used in the production of
guns
 faster to produce & easier to
repair manufactured goods
 Allows use of unskilled workers
but required more supervision
 Leads to mass-production
techniques in many industries

Negative Effects of Rapid
Urbanization
•
Limited space led to cramped living quarters
•
Poor sanitation = spread of disease
•
Crime increased as well as risk of fires in apartment
buildings
•
Immigrants struggle with language and poverty
•
Anti-immigration sentiment was common as
immigrants worked for lower wages
•
Discrimination towards immigrants, women, children
John Deere - Steel Plow
Cyrus McCormick - Mechanical Reaper
EFFECTS:

Mechanical Reaper & Steel Plow increase farm
production

allows the Midwest to focus on farming while
the East focuses on manufacturing
Cotton Gin-Eli Whitney
makes cotton production more
profitable and efficient
 plantations spread westward and
increase in size
 Negative effects:


INCREASES the need for slaves

Drives Native Americans off of their
land
Free Blacks vs. Slaves
Free Blacks
Not allowed to vote of
receive education
Relocated to the North
Slaves
Expands with cotton gin
Resistance to
owners/rebellions
Risked capture and returned Maintained cultural identity
to slavery
through music, religion, etc.
Increased discrimination in
Families were separated
the North
Denied basic human rights
and punished severely
Communication
Samuel F. B. Morse and the
Telegraph
Immigration in the 1800’s
Why did people immigrate?
Push Factors: population growth,
agricultural changes in Europe, crop
failures (potato famine), religious/political
conflict
Pull Factors: freedom, economic
opportunity, lots of land available
WHO CAME AND WHY???
Germans: economic opportunity – settled in rural and urban areas
Irish: poverty, religious conflict, POTATO FAMINE 1845 – settled in cities,
worked on Erie Canal
Scandinavians: looking for new economic opportunity, settles in Midwest
Chinese- worked on Transcontinental Railroad
US Population Density
1810
1820
Economic Differences in the US
lead to Sectionalism
South—relies on cotton &
slavery
• Northeast—relies on
manufacturing, trade and
cheap labor
• West—desires cheap land &
good transportation
•
Impact of slavery on different
regions of the United States
North
South
West
Illegal since the Revolution Invention of cotton gin
caused plantations to
spread and demand for
slave labor to increase
Fight over whether or not
to extend slavery into the
territories.
Abolitionist societies and
newspapers
Slaves viewed as property
Maintain balance of free
v. slave states in the
Senate
Underground railroad
Seen as crucial to
maintain Southern way of
life
Many had conflicting
beliefs about slaves/free
blacks
Considered a states’ rights
issue
Fugitive slaves were key
concern in relations with
other states
Chief Justice John Marshall

Appointed by John Adams
(had Federalist beliefs) and
served for 34 years

Strengthens power of federal
government –his cases
defined the powers of the
federal government

Broad view of Constitution—
implied powers
McCullough v. Maryland

State can’t tax federal government

Strengthens supremacy clause
 If
state laws conflict with federal laws
 Federal

law is supreme
Implied powers exist (necessary and proper)
Gibbons v. Ogden
 Only
federal government (congress) can
regulate interstate trade (trade between
states)
 Strengthens
private property rights and
principles of capitalism
The
“Era of Good Feelings”
(1816 -1824)
The Election of 1816
Winner!!!
James Monroe [1816-1824]
The American System
• Tariff of 1816 –to improve
infrastructure (roads,
canals, etc.)
• Second Bank of the
United States divides the
country
Henry Clay,
“The Great
Compromiser”
**Internal improvements
at federal expense.
Ex: National Road
The Election of 1820
Winner!!!
Domestic Problems - A New State

States were divided evenly between those who
allowed slavery & those who didn’t

Missouri (a territory allowing slaves) applied
for statehood in 1817 creating concern about a
shift in power between the slave (11) and nonslave (11) states in the Senate
Missouri Compromise

Compromise introduced by Henry Clay
(KY) in 1820
 Missouri enters as slave state
 Maine enters as free state
 Slavery would be banned from the rest
of the Louisiana Territory north of the
36o30’ parallel
The Compromise of 1820
Foreign Policy Under Monroe
The Monroe Doctrine, 1823
European powers should no longer colonize or
interfere with the affairs of the nations of the Americas.
• American continents are forever free and independent
from European powers
•
Impact:
•
•
•
U.S. sees itself as a world power
Protector of Latin America
Influences foreign policy of later administrations
It is impossible that the [European] powers should extend their
political system to any portion of [this] continent without
endangering our peace and happiness; …. It is impossible that
we should behold such [involvement] with indifference.