WORLD HISTORY FINAL REVIEW
PowerPoint 3: Early Modern World (1350-1815)
Renaissance and Reformation, Exploration and Expansion, Revolution and Enlightenment,
French Revolution and Napoleon, Industrialization and Nationalism
RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION
• Renaissance in Italy and Northern Europe
•
•
•
•
Milan, Venice, and Florence became centers of Renaissance learning and culture.
Machiavelli's views on gaining and holding power influenced political leaders.
Humanist education focused on liberal studies.
Artists sough to portray the world realistically.
• The Reformation Begins
• Erasmus and other Christian humanists paved the way for the Protestant Reformation.
• Catholic teaching stressed faith in good works, but Luther believed the faith alone was
sufficient for salvation. (95 Theses)
• The Peace of Augsburg ended the religious wars and allowed German states to
choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.
• Reformation Spreads
• Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the most important form of Protestantism.
• Henry VIII established the Church of England for political rather than political reasons.
(wanted divorce, but Pope said no)
• Anabaptists began asking for total separation or church and state.
• Pope Paul III began reforms within the Catholic Church.
RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION
TEST PRACTICE
1. Theologians of the Reformation disagreed about how people could achieve ____,
or acceptance into heaven.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Indulgence
Predestination
Annulment
Salvation
2. Which was a characteristic of the Renaissance?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Rejection of classical learning of ancient Greece and Rome.
Renewed emphasis on an all-powerful God
Emergence of a more secular worldview
Reawakening of feudalism
3. In his Ninety-five Theses, Martin Luther wrote: “Christians are to be taught that he who
gives to the poor or lends to the needy does better work than buying pardons.” To what
is Luther objecting in this statement?
a.
b.
c.
d.
The doctrine of predestination
The lack of concern for the poor
The sale of indulgences
The spread of secular humanism
4. How did the new ideas and the scientific advances of the Renaissance challenge
the Catholic Church?
a. New Renaissance universities, which emphasized scientific research, gave most
citizens educational opportunities that challenged the religious institutions.
b. Individualism and humanist ideas from the Renaissance challenged citizens to seek
answers for themselves rather than from religious institutions.
c. New merchant guilds formed by the middle class owed allegiance to the leaders of
the Renaissance rather than the Catholic Church.
d. Feudal noble landowners accepted the scientific advances of the Renaissance that
were supported by the Catholic Church.
ANSWERS
1. D
2. C
3. C
4. B
To make 85%, you must get all of these right. While not a heavily tested topic,
the Renaissance has been on every exam to date. Study up on this if you did
not get at least ¾.
Chapter 12 in Blue Textbook
EARLY EXPLORATION OF WEST AFRICA,
INDIA, AND THE AMERICAS
• Motivated by religious zeal, gold, and glory, Europeans began to explore
distant lands. (God, Gold, and Glory!)
• The Portuguese sailed east around Africa to India.
• India was a target for spices!
• Spanish ships sailed west to the Americas.
• Spanish conquistadors (conquerors) seized lands ruled by the Aztecs and
Incas.
• Diseases introduced by the Spanish explorers killed much of the Native
American population.
• By the late 1600s, the Dutch, French, and English entered the rivalry for new
lands and trade.
AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE OF EUROPE,
AFRICA, AND THE AMERICAS
• Before the new exploration, the primary market for enslaved Africans had
been Southwest Asia.
• The demand for plantation laborers in the Americas greatly increased the
slave trade (now mostly from Western Africa).
• Enslaved Africans were part of the TRIANGULAR TRADE between Europe,
Africa, and the Americas.
• Slaves taken to the Americas on the Middle Passage
• In Africa, the slave trade led to increased warfare, depopulation, and the
deterioration of society.
COLONIAL EMPIRES IN LATIN AMERICA
• The Portuguese and Spanish profited from their colonial empires in Latin
America.
• Peninsulares were the top social class, followed by creoles, mestizos and
mulattoes, and finally enslaved Africans and Native Americas.
• Encomienda system
• Catholic missionaries spread across the Americas to try to Christianize Native
Americans.
EXPLORATION AND EXPANSION
TEST REVIEW
1.
Spanish conquerors of the Americas were known as…
2.
The _____ is a trading route that connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
3.
What were the chief motives for European expansion?
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Viceroys
Conquistadors
Peninsulares
Governor-generals
Triangular trade
Bermuda Triangle
Middle Passage
Circular trade
Adventure, travel, war
Politics, taxes, and war
God, glory, gold
Oil, gold, coal
4. What caused the most deaths in the Aztec and Inca populations?
a. Combat with the Europeans
b. Human sacrifice
c. European diseases
d. Combat with rival cities
5. Which is an effect of European exploration of the Americas?
a. Germany extended its New World empire.
b. Spain dominated North and South America.
c. Africans were enslaved to work in mines and on plantations.
d. American Indians maintained resistance to African and Eurasian
diseases.
6. What was a significant result of European exploration through the Columbian
Exchange?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Europeans became dependent on crops from America.
The bubonic plague spread throughout Europe.
European diseases caused millions of deaths among Native Americans.
Raw materials from America became very expensive due to scarcity.
7. The slave trade had all of the following effects on African society except
which one?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Increase in warfare among Africans
Decrease in overall population
Increase in the continent’s wealth
Destruction of previously healthy societies
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
B
A
C
C
C
C
C
ANSWERS
To make 85%, you must get 6 of these right.
This topic has had several questions on every version of the test to date!
Chapter 13 in Blue Textbook
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND
ENLIGHTENMENT
• Scientific Revolution
• Changed the way Europeans viewed their world.
• Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo provided new explanations of the universe.
• Breakthroughs in chemistry and medicine changed the understanding of human
anatomy.
• Enlightenment
• Philosophes applied the scientific method to examine government, justice, and
religion.
• The ideas of the Enlightenment became a force for social reform.
• Some rulers considered governing by the Enlightenment principles but ultimately
were more interested in maintaining power.
• Architecture, art, music, and literature were influenced by Enlightenment ideas.
AMERICAN REVOLUTION
• American colonists revolted against British rule.
• France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic helped the American colonies win
independence.
• Many believed the American Revolution confirmed Enlightenment principles.
• The American Revolution became an example of successful revolution and
inspired other revolutions in South America and Europe.
CAUSES OF THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION
• France was ruled by an absolute monarchy.
• A rigid social system existed.
• The government was bankrupt.
• The Third Estate had no voice in government.
• Bad harvests, rising food prices, and unfair taxation caused civil unrest.
• The political goals of the nobility and middle class challenged the monarchy.
SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION
• The end of the monarchy caused initial chaos.
• France was attacked by foreign countries.
• The beheading of royals and the Reign of Terror led to
internal disorder.
• Napoleon seized power and became emperor of France.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF THE
FRENCH REVOLUTION
• Napoleon’s army conquered many territories and changed
traditional political and class systems.
• French armies spread nationalism and Enlightenment ideals
to other countries.
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND NATIONALISM
• The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread throughout Europe and the
United States.
• New technologies improved the production and transportation of goods.
• Workers migrated to cities (urbanization)
• Harsh conditions in factories made socialism attractive in some areas
• The Industrial Revolution heightened interest in scientific research.
• Growing confidence in science undermined religious faith, leading to increased
secularization.
REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT
TEST PRACTICE
1. One of the three classes into which French society was divided before the
revolution is referred to as a/an…
a.
b.
c.
d.
Taille
Estate
Faction
Assembly
2. A sudden overthrow of the government is known as…
a.
b.
c.
d.
Election
Rebellion
Coup d’etat
crowning
3. Which was an environmental effect of the process of early industrialization?
a.
b.
c.
d.
The introduction of smallpox to American Indians
The diffusion of new animal and plant species in Afro-Eurasia
The process of desertification of Africa and Asia
The widespread deforestation in Europe and North America
4. What is the significance of the US Constitution?
a.
b.
c.
d.
It was the first embodiment of Enlightenment ideals in government.
It changed the way European were governed.
It put Enlightened Absolutism into practice.
It declared the American colonies independent of Great Britain.
5. What was the purpose of the Reign of Terror?
a.
b.
c.
d.
To remove the king from power
To protect France from foreign invasion
To install Napoleon Bonaparte as king
To eliminate opponents of the revolution
6. How is laissez-faire economics more productive than an economy
controlled by a government?
a. Laissez-faire economics creates competition which leads to innovation, greater
profits for investors, and lower product prices.
b. Laissez-faire economics creates competition which results in improved working
conditions, higher wages, and healthcare benefits.
c. Laissez-faire economics creates a more nationalistic economy in which local
production is always preferred.
d. Laissez-faire creates an economy which is regulated by government in order to
create ideal working conditions.
7. What was the primary goal of the Declaration of Independence?
a.
b.
c.
d.
To guarantee rights of speech and assembly
To free the colonies from allegiance to Britain
To protest the oppressive Stamp Act of 1765
To set up a federal system of government
8. The colonists in America were unhappy with Great Britain. Which resulted
from this unhappiness?
a.
b.
c.
d.
The colonists fought for freedom during the American Revolution.
The colonists fought the government for women’s rights to vote in elections.
The colonists fought for the control of land owned by the American Indians.
The colonists fought to gain civil rights for all minorities in the United States.
ANSWERS
1.
B
2.
C
3.
D
4.
A
5.
D
6.
A
7.
B
8.
A
To make 85%, you must get 7 these right. While not a heavily tested topic, this has been on every exam to date.
Study up on this if you did not get at least 6.
Chapter 17-19 in Blue Textbook