Do Now
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is the difference between a pyramid of biomass and a pyramid of
productivity? (Hint: think about the grocery store example that we read in
class)
What are implications that DDT and other harmful toxins have on the
environment?
Which trophic level would the concentration of pesticides be the highest?
Why?
Below is data collected from an experiment. Using the graph paper Ms.
Simmons gave you, construct a line graph. Must include a title, labeled X
and Y axis, and an appropriate scale!!
Time After Eating (hours)
Glucose of Blood Person A (mg /dL)
0.5
170
1
155
1.5
140
2
135
2.5
140
3
135
4
130
Looking Ahead
 End of quarter is October 22nd
 All missing assignments are due by next
Monday, October 19th
 Yes. I know I’ve been slacking. I will get your
project grades in before the quarter ends.
 IA (Internal Assessment) Components: (2) Data
Collection & Processing and (3) Discussion,
Evaluation, & Conclusion
 Rough
draft due on November 3rd
 Final draft due November 5th
 Next week we will discuss IA rubric and lab
report expectations
2.3 Measuring Biotic
Components
What is classification?
 Science of grouping organisms based on their
physical characteristics.
What characteristics do we use?
 Structures (morphology)
 Functions (physiology)
 Biochemistry
 Genetics
Why do we classify?
 Identify organisms
 Compare organisms
 Identify relationships among organisms
 Communicate with others (universal language)
 Identify evolutionary relationships
Why do we classify?
 What am I?
 Firefly
 Lightning bug
 Glow Fly
 Blinkie
 Golden Sparkler
 Moon bug
 Glühwürmchen
 Luciérnaga
 Luciole
 We all have different names for the same organism…this
is a problem for communication.
Same or different?
From Aristotle to Linneaus
 Aristotle (Greek philosopher)
 (384-322 B.C)
 First System of Classification
1. Plants
 Based on stem type
 2. Animals
 Land, air or water

From Aristotle to Linneaus
 Carolus Linneaus (Swedish botanist)
 (1707-1778)
 Came up with modern classification system
 Used binomial nomenclature (2 word naming system)
 This two word name is called a scientific name
 Composed of the genus name followed by the species name
Scientific Names
 Either written in italics or underlined
 Genus is always capitalized and species is always
lowercase
 Based on Latin
 Examples:



Cat: Felix domesticus
Mosquito: Colex pipens
Human: Homo sapien
Funny Scientific Names
 Agra vation (a beetle)
 Colon rectum (another beetle)
 Ba humbugi (a snail)
 Aha ha ( a wasp)
 Lalapa lusa (a wasp)
 Leonardo davinci (a moth)
 Abra cadabra (a clam)
 Gelae baen, Gelae belae, Gelae donut, Gelae fish, and
Gelae rol (all types of fungus beetles)
 Villa manillae, Pieza kake and Reissa roni (bee flies)
Dichotomous Keys
 A series of yes/no questions about an organisms
structure
 Used to identify new and unknown organisms
Dichotomous Key Example
Dichotomous Key Practice
 Alien Dichotomous Worksheet
 Due next class
 Must finish creating your own key today and trade
with a partner
Do Now
1. Take out your Alien Dichotomous
Worksheets
2. You have 5 minutes to add any detail to
your key that you created
3. Remember, this is a grade!
4. Wait for further instruction
Estimating Populations of Organisms
 We estimate populations because it would take way
too long to count every living thing in a given
ecosystem.
 We can estimate populations of plants or animals
 Random Sampling: All organisms must have an
equal chance of being captured.
Estimating Populations of Animals
 Lincoln index (capture-mark-release-recapture)
n1 x n2
N=
n3
• N = Total number of population
• n1 = Number of animals first (mark all of them)
• n2= Number of animals captured in second sample
• n3= Number of marked animals in second sample
Ex. 40 mice were caught, marked (tail tattoo) and released.
Later, 10 mice were recaptured, 4 of which had tattoo
marks.
Lincoln Index
Lincoln Index Practice Problem
 An ornithologist captured 450 finches, marked them
with an ankle band and released them. One week
later she recaptured 237 finches, 50 of which had
ankle bands. What is the total finch population?
Lincoln Index Assumptions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The marked animals are not affected (neither in behavior
nor life expectancy).
The marked animals are completely mixed in the
population.
The probability of capturing a marked animal is the same
as that of capturing any member of the population.
Sampling time intervals must be small in relation to the
total time of experiment of organisms life span.
The population is closed (no immigration and
emigration)
No births or deaths in the period between sampling.
Lincoln Index Bean Lab
Do Now
In a study which sampled woodlice in area of
woodland, the following data was collected.
1.
a.
b.
2.
85 woodlice were collected and marked in the first sample. These
animals were released and 24 hours later 99 woodlice were
captured of which 21 were marked. Estimate the size of the
woodlice population in the area using the Lincoln Index.
The study found that the actual size of the woodlice population was
460. Calculate the percent error. Use the formula in your bean lab
from last class.
In a study to estimate a mouse population, a student
found that the same animals were returning to the
traps day after day because they had learned that they
would find food there. What effect would this have on
the student’s estimate of the number of mice in the
population?
Retesting
 To make up a test/quiz, you must schedule a time to






stay after school
DO NOT WAIT THE DAY OF TO ASK!!!
Ms. Simmons is here most days until 3:30/4:00
You are ELIGIBLE for a retest if you scored an 80%
or below! NO EXCEPTIONS!
Retests cannot be completed during class time
If there are tests from 1st quarter you want to make up,
it does not have to be done by Wednesday
Keep Calm! I can always go back and change your
grade at a later date!
Google Classroom
 Class Code: br7e01
 Class Updates
 Upload assignments
Estimating Populations of Plants
 Quadrat Estimation
 Population Density- The
number of plants within the
given area of the quadrat (m2)
Percentage CoverageHow much of the area of a
quadrat is covered by plants?


Percentage Frequency- How often does a plant occur
in each quadrat?
 Acacia senegalensis was present in 47 of 92 quadrats,
for a frequency of 51%
Population Density Calculation
Density = total number in all quadrats
number of quadrats x area of one quadrat
Calculate Population Density
What is the population density of species X?
What is the population density of species Y?
Quadrat 1= 0.5m2
What is the population density of
species Z?
X
X
X
W
W
W
X
X
W
X
W
X
X
X
X
W
X
W
X
W
W
Z
W
W
Y
Calculate Percentage Coverage
What is the percentage of plant
coverage in this quadrat?
Quadrat 1= 1m2
X
W
X
X
W
X
W
X
X
X
W
W
X
X
X
W
W
Y
Percentage Frequency
Quadrat 1
What is the frequency
of species X?
What about species V?
X
X
X
W
W
W
W
W
W
X
X
X
Z
X
X
V
W
W
X
X
W
X
X
W
Y
Quadrat 2
Quadrat 3
Z
X
W
X
X
X
X
W
W
W
X
W
Z
W
X
X
X
X
W
Z
W
W
X
W
X
W
W
W
Y
W
Z
W
W
Y
Z
Z
Z
W
W
W
Z
Z
Z
W
Z
Z
W
X
W
Z
Quadrat Sampling Bean Lab
 Work with your partners from last class
 Finish your Lincoln Index Bean Lab FIRST because you need





complete data collection in order to answer the lab analysis
questions (due next class)
Do not work on lab analysis questions until both labs are
complete! What is left is your homework because…
Once finished with your Lincoln Index data collection, work on
the Quadrat Sampling Bean Lab
Both labs are due next class, Wednesday (be on quarter 2)
Last day to turn in missing assignments is Wednesday at 3:00
Quiz on 2.2 Abiotic Components & 2.3 Biotic Components
(Lincoln Index, Quadrat Sampling, Simpson’s Diversity Index)
next Wednesday 28th
Do Now
Make sure your name is on both labs (Lincoln Lab
and Quadrat Sampling)
2. Staple any calculations to your labs. You must show
work to get full credit!
3. Pass them up for Ms. Simmons to collect
1.
What is diversity?
 Diversity is the variety of life
 Diversity is a combination of two components
 Evenness:
The number individuals of each
species present in a sample
 Richness: The total number of different species
in a sample
How Can We Know Diversity?
Use the Simpson diversity index below
D = ____________N (N-1)_______________
n1(n1−1) + n2(n2 −1) + n3(n3 −1) +…nk(nk −1)
D = Diversity
N = Total number of organisms of all species
n = number of individuals of a particular species
The higher the D value the more diverse the
sample is!!!!!
Example Data Calculations
Abundance of Organism
Ecosystem A
Ecosystem B
species 1
3
5
species 2
7
4
species 3
26
12
species 4
9
7
species 5
7
0
Diversity
3.27
Sample Calculation
Number of
Organisms
species 1
Ecosystem
B
5
species 2
4
species 3
12
species 4
7
species 5
0
Diversity
Inverse of Simpson Diversity
Species
Number (n)
True-bugs
2
20
3
2
380
6
Caterpillars/Sawflies
3
6
Total ( N)
28
394
Beetles
Spiders
Putting the figures into the formula for
Simpson's Diversity Index:
n(n-1)
Inverse Simpson’s Diversity Index:
.
Species Richness = 4
(4 different species present)
Relative Species Evenness: Low
(20 vs 2 vs 3 vs 3)
Relative Level of Species Dominance: High
(One species dominates (spiders) with 20 individuals)
D = 2(2-1) + 20(20-1) + 3(3-1) + 3(3-1)
28 ( 28 – 1 )
D = 2 + 380 + 6 + 6 = 394
756
756
D = 0.52
0 = Very High Diversity
1= Very Low Diversity
Quadrat Sampling Field Lab
 8 groups total (4-5 students per group. No less than 4





people in a group)
Build your 1m2 quadrats
Everyone in the group is ACTIVELY collecting data
Use the Chrome books to access Google Spreadsheet to
enter in class data
This is a grade so each group is held accountable for
entering correct information into the Google Spreadsheet
for your classmates to use
Any off task and/or inappropriate behavior will
result in an automatic F for this assignment as
well as referral
LikeThatFlower – Flower Identification App
Google Spreadsheet
The link is also
found on my
Weebly under 2.3
Biotic Components
Simpson Diversity Lab
 This is the lab you are using for your Internal Assessment
 The lab analysis questions and all work collected on the
worksheet must be organized following the ESS IA Lab
Write-Up Guide
 You will receive an overall grade for the lab report
 You will receive a separate grade using the IA Rubric for
2 of the 3 components


Data Collection and Processing (DCP)
Discussion, Evaluation, and Conclusions (DEC)
THESE WILL BE FORMAL GRADES!!!
ROUGH DRAFT DUE DATE:
FINAL DUE DATE:
Estimating Biomass of Trophic Levels
 Take a sample from one area and assume the
organisms are evenly spread out through the area.

Biomass (dry weight) of living tissue
 We use dry weight because water is
non-living and needs to be excluded
 Ex. 1500g of ferns were sampled
in a 100m2 area. How many ferns would
be in 1000m2 field in the same ecosystem?