People and Ideas
on the Move, 3500 B.C. – 259 B.C.
CHAPTER
3
Chapter Overview
Time Line
MAP
GRAPH
SECTION
1 Indo-European Migrations
SECTION
2 Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism
SECTION
3 Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries
SECTION
4 The Origins of Judaism
Visual Summary
QUIT
CHAPTER
3
People and Ideas
on the Move, 3500 B.C. – 259 B.C.
Chapter Overview
Migrations and trade networks carry new
ideas, languages, and cultures throughout
the Mediterranean and as far east as South
Asia. Three major world religions, Hinduism,
Buddhism, and Judaism, emerge during this
period.
HOME
CHAPTER
3
People and Ideas
on the Move, 3500 B.C. – 259 B.C.
HOME
Time Line
2000 B.C. Hittites migrate
to Anatolia.
1100 B.C. Phoenicians begin to
dominate Mediterranean trade.
259 B.C.
3500 B.C.
1500 B.C. Aryans invade
India.
814 B.C. Carthage
founded as a
Phoenician trade
center.
1
HOME
Indo-European
Migrations
Key Idea
Migrations of Indo-Europeans into parts of
Europe and South Asia introduce new ideas
and languages and result in a blend of new and
old cultures.
Overview
Assessment
1
HOME
Indo-European
Migrations
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Indo-Europeans
• steppes
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
• migration
Indo-European peoples
migrated into Europe,
India, and Southwest
Asia and interacted
with peoples living
there.
Half the people living
today speak languages that
stem from the original
Indo-European languages.
• Hittites
• Anatolia
• Aryans
• Vedas
• Brahmin
• caste
• Mahabharata
Assessment
1
HOME
Indo-European
Migrations
Section
1
Assessment
1. List the names of some modern languages that stem
from Indo-European roots.
French
Spanish
English
Greek
Indo-European
Swedish
Hindi
Russian
Persian
continued . . .
1
HOME
Indo-European
Migrations
Section
1
Assessment
2. What important contributions did the Aryan invaders
make to the culture and way of life in India? THINK ABOUT
• roles in society
• religion
• literature
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
• Roles in society: Aryan caste system ruled India for over
3,000 years.
• Religion: Aryan deities of the Vedas entered the Hindu
religion.
• Literature: The Vedas, Upanishads, and Mahabharata
are great literary works with Aryan subjects or themes. continued . . .
1
HOME
Indo-European
Migrations
Section
1
Assessment
3. For what environmental reasons might the IndoEuropeans have migrated? THINK ABOUT
• weather
• occupational needs
• health
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
• Weather: Grazing lands may have dried up.
• Occupational needs: Their population may have grown
too large to feed.
• Health: They may have been escaping from diseases or
invaders.
End of Section 1
2
HOME
Roots of Hinduism
and Buddhism
MAP
Key Idea
Hinduism has no one founder but promotes a unified
world view and a rigid caste system. Buddhism’s
founder, Siddhartha Gautama, preaches the way of
moderation and rejects the Aryan caste system.
Overview
Assessment
2
HOME
Roots of Hinduism
and Buddhism
MAP
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• reincarnation
• karma
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
• Jainism
The religious beliefs of
the Vedic Age
eventually developed
into Hinduism and
Buddhism.
Almost one-fifth of the world’s
people today practice one of
these two religions.
• Siddhartha Gautama
• enlightenment
• nirvana
Assessment
2
HOME
Roots of Hinduism
and Buddhism
MAP
Section
2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
Compare Hindu and Buddhist beliefs and practices.
Hinduism
only
Caste system
Animal sacrifice
Both
Reincarnation
Cyclical view of history
Belief in a state of enlightenment
(Hindu moksha, Buddhist
nirvana)
Buddhism
only
The Middle Way
(Eightfold Path)
Four Noble Truths
continued . . .
2
HOME
Roots of Hinduism
and Buddhism
MAP
Section
2
Assessment
2. How might the belief in reincarnation provide a form
of social control? THINK ABOUT
• karma
• the belief in the interrelatedness of all life
• caste
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
• Karma: Karma motivates people to obey society’s laws.
• Belief in the interrelatedness of all life: People would be
reluctant to harm any life form.
• Caste: Those born into a lower caste might work hard to
achieve a higher caste in their next life.
End of Section 2
3
HOME
Seafaring Traders
Extend Boundaries
Key Idea
Ancient sea traders spread goods, culture,
and innovative ideas in the Mediterranean
and beyond. The Phoenicians are not only a
great seafaring people but give the world the
first written alphabet
Overview
Assessment
3
HOME
Seafaring Traders
Extend Boundaries
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Minoans
• Aegean Sea
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
• Knossos
Trading societies extended
the development of
civilizations beyond the
Fertile Crescent region.
Traders spread knowledge
of reading and writing,
including an ancient form
of the alphabet that we use
today.
• King Minos
Assessment
• Phoenicians
3
HOME
Seafaring Traders
Extend Boundaries
Section
3
Assessment
1. Below is a list of accomplishments. Identify feats that
were Minoan and those that were Phoenician.
• dominated trade (2000–1400 B.C.)
• set up numerous city-states
• developed an alphabet
• produced a famous purple dye
• jumped over bulls for fun
• produced fine painted pottery
Minoan
• dominated trade (2000–1400 B.C.)
• jumped over bulls for fun
• produced fine painted pottery
Phoenician
• set up numerous city-states
• developed an alphabet
• produced a famous purple dye
continued . . .
3
HOME
Seafaring Traders
Extend Boundaries
Section
3
Assessment
2. In Herodotus’s account of how the Phoenicians sailed
around Africa, what words show Herodotus’s doubt? Why
do you think he expresses doubts? THINK ABOUT
• the sources that reported the feat
• Herodotus as a historian
• the Phoenicians’ seafaring skills
• the fact that the trip was not repeated for 2000 years
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
• “What some may believe, though I do not.”
• Herodotus was a historian. He did not want to tarnish his
reputation by reporting something unlikely. There was no
evidence of a second trip, so Herodotus was rightly skeptical.
continued . . .
3
HOME
Seafaring Traders
Extend Boundaries
Section
3
Assessment
3. The Phoenicians founded wealthy city-states around the
Mediterranean. These city-states often competed with one another.
Do you think it would have made more sense for the city-states to
cooperate or did competition make them stronger? THINK ABOUT
• advantages of a unified country
• advantages of independence
• benefits of competition
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
• Cooperation: Had Phoenicians united, they could have pooled
their resources and been an even stronger and more profitable
trading power.
• Competition: This keeps traders on their toes, so Phoenicians
in all cities would have been better merchants.
End of Section 3
4
HOME
The Origins of Judaism
GRAPH
Key Idea
The religion of the ancient Hebrews is the world’s first major
monotheistic religion. The Hebrews establish covenants with
God, who is over all people. Their ethical and moral systems,
as set forth in the Torah and Ten Commandments, become a
foundation for Christianity and Islam.
Overview
Assessment
4
HOME
The Origins of Judaism
GRAPH
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Palestine
• Canaan
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
• Torah
The Hebrews
maintained monotheistic
religious beliefs that
were unique in the
ancient world.
From this tradition,
Judaism, the religion of the
Jews, evolved. Judaism is
one of the world’s major
religions.
•Abraham
• monotheism
• covenant
• Moses
• Israel
• Judah
• tribute
Assessment
4
HOME
The Origins of Judaism
GRAPH
Section
4
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts.
List the major Hebrew leaders discussed in this section.
Then give one piece of information about each.
2000 B.C.
1300 B.C.
1200 B.C.
1020-922 B.C.
Abraham:
Father of Jewish
people
Moses:
Led Hebrews
out of slavery
Deborah:
A prominent
judge
Saul, David, Solomon:
Kings under whom
Hebrews united
continued . . .
4
The Origins of Judaism
HOME
GRAPH
Section
4
Assessment
2. What were the main problems faced by the Hebrews
between 2000 B.C. and 700 B.C.? THINK ABOUT
• the quest for a homeland
• other peoples hardships
• problems among Hebrews
ANSWER
Possible
Responses:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
constantly moving from place to place
being forced into slavery in Egypt
fighting with neighbors over land
worshiping other gods
performing forced labor
paying high taxes
dividing the Hebrew kingdom in two
End of Section 4