118 week 9
Varieties of Control
Theories… and a last
minute lecture on APA
referencing
APA Referencing…
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1. Beccarius
2. Becarria
3. Beccaris
4. Beccardia
5. Beccaria
6. Beccatia
7. Beccarria
APA Referencing…
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1. Cullin and Agnew
2. Agnews and Cullen
3. Agnew and Cullen
4. Cullen and Agnew
5. Collins and Agnew
6. Gullen and Agnews
7. Agnow and Collin
Reference list
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Beccaria, C. (2006). ‘Of Crimes and
Punishments’. In Cullen, F. and Agnew,
R. (Eds.). Criminological Theory: Past
to Present, Essential Readings, (3rd
Edn), New York: Roxbury Press, pp
438 – 562.
APA Referencing…
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Do NOT quote lecture notes
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Find the information in a book/article
Do NOT quote an original source
unless you’ve read it yourself
Do quote EVERY time you are using
information that you didn’t make up
Do follow APA style referencing
conventions…
APA Referencing…
www.apastyle.org
APA Referencing…
This is how you cite information that
“comes verbatim from another source”
(Cullen & Agnew, 2003, p. 41).
This is how you cite information that you
paraphrase and put into your own
words (Cullen & Agnew, 2003).
APA Referencing
This is how you cite information that
came from a secondary source, when
you did not read the original (Beccaria
in Cullen & Agnew, 2003).
This is how you cite their work “if you use
their specific words” (Beccaria in
Cullen & Agnew, 2003, p. 56).
APA Referencing…
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Cullen and Agnew (2003) argue that it
is acceptable to start a sentence with
the authors’ names, but the date must
be included.
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However, other theorists have
proposed that “if you use specific
words” (Beccaria in Cullen & Agnew,
2003; 78) you must include the citation
in the middle of the sentence.
APA Referencing…
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If a source has three or more authors
you must use all their names the first
time you cite them (Knight, Prentky &
Burton, 1998).
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Knight et al. (1998) explain that this is
the appropriate way to cite them later.
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This is the appropriate thing to do at
the end of the sentence (Knight et al.,
1998).
And finally…
…a little PR goes a long way
PROOFREAD
PRIOR
to
PRESSING
PRINT
Introduction
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Early Control Theories:
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Reckless
Toby
Modern Control Theories:
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Hirschi
Gottfredson and Hirschi
Hagan
Introduction
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Why don’t people commit crime?
Anyone can be a criminal
Some people are more controlled than
others
Delinquency is a failure of control
Early Control Theories
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Containment Theory (Reckless)
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Two motivations
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Two containments
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Pushes (predispositions) to crime
Pulls (incentives) to crime
Inner (self control, conscience)
Outer (family, friends)
Stakes in Conformity (Toby)
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The more you have, the more you have to
lose
Hirschi –
Self Control Theory
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People must be constrained to conform
Direct control
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Indirect control
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Actual restrictions and punishments
Affectional identification with parents
Internal control
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Conscience or guilt
Hirschi –
Self Control Theory
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4 Social Bonds
 Attachment
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Commitment
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Involvement
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Belief
Hirschi –
Self Control Theory
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Theory testing
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Empirical support?
Hirschi made it cool – watershed moment
for empirical criminology
Critique…
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Serious delinquency?
Peer group effect?
Uniformity of measures
Gottfredson and Hirschi –
A General Theory of Crime
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Hirschi changed his mind…
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Merged classical choice theories with
self control and borrowed the idea of
social bonds within the family
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Redirected attention to parents
Gottfredson and Hirschi –
A General Theory of Crime
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Crime:
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‘acts of force or fraud in the pursuit of self
interest’
Nature of crime
Analogous behaviors
Crime occurs in the presence of
opportunity and a lack of self control
Gottfredson and Hirschi –
A General Theory of Crime
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Self Control
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differential tendency to avoid crime, no
matter what situation you’re in
Nature of individuals with low self control
Opportunity
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Explains more variation in crime than self
control only
Opportunities vary – if absent, a lack of
self control alone will not result in crime
Gottfredson and Hirschi –
A General Theory of Crime
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Specialisation and Versatility
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‘commit a wide variety of criminal acts with no strong inclination to
pursue a specific criminal act or a pattern of criminal acts to the
exclusion of others’
Reactive labels (not predictive)
Correlates of crime
Stability Postulate
Versatility Postulate
Age-Crime Curve (age crime relationship)
Gottfredson and Hirschi –
A General Theory of Crime
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Causes of low self control?
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Monitoring
Recognizing
Correcting
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Strengths
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Critique…
Hagan –
Power Control Theory
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Men are more criminal than women
Why?
Hagan –
Power Control Theory
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Patriarchal Family
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Husband works outside the home
Husband has more power than wife
Gender inequality comes from economic
inequality
Sons are taught to be independent
Daughters are raised in ‘cult of
domesticity’
Hagan –
Power Control Theory
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Egalitarian Family
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Husband and wife have more similar
employment
Sons and daughters both prepared for
the workforce
Sons and daughters both encouraged to
play sports, be assertive, explore new
horizons
Hagan –
Power Control Theory
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What family should breed more crime?
Empirical support?
Critique…