Is knowledge the same as understanding?




Are knowledge and understating the same
thing?
How do you gain knowledge?
How do you gain understanding?
The readings in this unit will give you
additional insight into the Big Questions.
After you read each selection, pause to
consider ways in which you have gained
knowledge or understanding.





Ambiguous adj having more than one
meaning; able to be interpreted in different
ways
Clarify v. make something more clear or
understandable
Comprehend v. understand
Concept n. idea; notion
Interpret v. understand or explain the
meaning of a concept or an idea






Connection n. Relationship between things
Fact n. Piece of information that can be
proved true
Feeling n. emotion
Information n. facts or knowledge
Insight n. deep understanding of a person,
concept of situation
Instinct n. inborn or natural behavior or
response





Research n. investigation into a subject
Senses n. physical means of learning about
the world: sight, hearing, touch, taste, and
smell
Sensory adj. relating to the senses
Sources n. people, books, documents, etc.
that provide information
Statistics n. science of analyzing and
interpreting data


Essays, articles and speeches organize factual
information to present a picture of a topic –
often from a particular point of view.
Essays, articles and speeches are forms of
nonfiction that present facts or discuss real
life.

In an essay, an author supports a thesis – a
central idea about a topic.
 In doing so the author conveys his or her point of
view, or perspective, on the topic.

An article provides information about a topic.
 Articles are often divided into section introduced
by subheads.
 Each subhead names the central idea of the
section it introduces.
 Many articles are written from an objective point
of view – they give just the facts.

A speech is a nonfiction text that a speaker
delivers, or says, to an audience.
 Like the author of an essay, a speaker usually
presents a thesis and expresses his or her point of
view.

An author’s approach on a topic depends on his
or her purpose, or reason for writing.
 An authors purpose is related to the effect her or she
wishes to have on readers.

Three main purposes or writing:
 To inform, or provide facts and explain how they
relate to one another
 To Persuade, or try to influence an audience’s
attitude or actions
 To entertain, or engage and move the emotions of an
audience

To achieve his or her purpose, a writer uses
techniques such as:
 Organizing information in ways that make it
clear (as when writing to inform) or dramatic (as
when writing to persuade or entertain).
 Choosing language that makes ideas clear (as
when writing to inform) or that creates tone, or
conveys the writer’s attitude (as when writing to
persuafe)
Element
Definition
Thesis or Central Idea
The main idea the author wants the audience to understand and
remember
Purpose
The reason the author is writing about the topic
Organizational Structure
The order in which information and ideas are present and the
connection that are drawn between and among them
Tone
The author’s attitude toward the topic and audience as conveyed in
his or her word choices
Diction
The authors word choice, including the level of formality and
difficulty; the use of figurative language, or language that is not
meant to be taken literally; and rhetoric, or the patterning of
words.



Narrative Essays tell the story of actual
experiences or events
Expository Essays inform readers about a topic
and explain the ideas it involves
Persuasive, or argumentative, essays attempt to
convince audiences to accept an author’s claim, or
position on an issues, or to motivate audiences to
take a particular course of action.


Descriptive Essays give vivid details about a
person, place or ting to help readers picture it
Reflective essays explore the meaning of an
experience or offer the author’s thoughts or
feelings.

News Articles provide facts about current
events.
 These articles usually answer the questions Who?
What? Where? When? Why? and How? and are
written from an objective, or neutral, point of
view.

Feature Article provides facts about current
topics such as fashion or technology.
 These articles are often written in a friendly,
conversational style.

What a writer says in a speech is shaped by
the occasion, or the event at which the
speech will be delivered, as well as by its
audience, or the people to whom the speech
will be addressed.

Speech of Public Advocacy: a formal,
prepared speech intended to persuade an
audience to take action.
 Example: an argumentative speech that
describes a community problem and proposes a
possible solution
 Delivered by: citizen
 Occasion: a city council meeting
 Audience: the city council; fellow citizen

Talk: an informal speech presented in a
conversational style
 Example: a report on a science fair
 Delivered by: a student
 Occasion: science club meeting
 Audience: student members of the club

Impromptu Speech: a speech presented with
little or no preparation, often in a
conversational style.
 Example: a speech of celebration
 Delivered by: the subject’s friend
 Occasion: a birthday party
 Audience: the person whose birthday is being
celebrated, along with guests


Authors use varied methods to introduce and
develop ideas logically.
Word choice and rhetoric help writers
achieve specific purposes and convey
distinct points of view.


In a nonfiction work, the author will present
ideas in a particular order and style.
First, the author introduces the topic and key
ideas.
 If these ideas are likely to be unfamiliar to the
reader, the author may introduce them with a
familiar example of a simple comparison.


Then, the author develops, or elaborates on,
ideas, explaining them and showing the
connections from one idea to the next.
Pieces of information that illustrate, or
expand on, or prove the authors ideas are
called supporting details.

Supporting Details
 Statement of fact, or statements that can be proved





true
Statistics, or numbers used to compare members of a
group of people or things
Examples, or specific cases
Descriptions, or details that tell what something
looks like, tastes like and so on.
Reasons, or claims that justify the belief
Expert Opinion, or the judgment of people with
special knowledge of a subject


To develop ideas and who the connections
among them, an author needs to present
information in a clear order.
An author’s purpose for writing will guide his
or her choice of an overall structure, or
pattern of organization.



Chronological Order: the order in which events
happen
Comparison and Contrast Organization: grouping
details according to their similarities and
differences.
Cause and Effect Organization: this pattern is
particularly effective when writing a persuasive
document in which the writer advocates some
action to solve a problem, because it demonstrates
important relationships between variables

Diction
 An author’s choice of words
 Using technical language, or language specific to a
discipline, an author can be precise.
 Using words with strong connotation, or associations, an
author can shape a reader’s views.

Syntax
 The arrangement of words in sentences

Tone
 Word choice create tone – the author’s attitude toward the
topic and audience.
▪ Formal/Informal
▪ Sad/Playful

Figurative Language: language not meant to be
taken literally
 Simile: an indirect comparison of seemingly unlike things;





uses like or as
Metaphor: describes one things as if it were another,
without using the words like or as
Personification: gives human traits to nonhuman objects
Analogy: drawing a comparison that shows a similarity
between two unlike things. LONG Simlie
Hyperbole: gross exaggeration
Allusion: calling something to mind without mentioning it
explicitly; an indirect reference.
I am an American day speech
By Learned Hand
Close Reading Workshop
 Comprehension: Key Ideas and Details
 Focus on what the text says
 Author’s central idea, claim, thesis, point of view or opinion,
evidence used
 Text Analysis: Craft and Structure
 Focuses on how the author conveys the text
 Purpose, word choice, does the author’s point of view affect what
he or she hares about the topic
 Connections: Integration of Knowledge and Ideas
 Focuses on what the test means and how it changes the
reader’s view of the world
 Consider how this work relates to other works you have read on
similar topics
“I Am An American Day” Address by Learned Hand
We have gathered here to affirm a faith, a faith in a common purpose, a
common conviction, a common devotion. Some of us have chosen America
as the land of our adoption; the rest have come from those who did the
same. For this reason we have some right to consider ourselves a picked
group, a group of those who had the courage to break from the past and
brave the dangers and the loneliness of a strange land. What was the object
that nerved us, or those who went before us, to this choice? We sought
liberty; freedom from oppression, freedom from want, freedom to be
ourselves. This we then sought; this we now believe that we are by way of
winning. What do we mean when we say that first of all we seek liberty? I
often wonder whether we do not rest our hopes too much upon constitutions,
upon laws and upon courts. These are false hopes; believe me, these are
false hopes. Liberty lies in the hearts of men and women; when it dies there,
no constitution, no law, no court can even do much to help it. While it lies
there it needs no constitution, no law, no court to save it. And what is this
liberty which must lie in the hearts of men and women? It is not the ruthless,
the unbridled will; it is not freedom to do as one likes. That is the denial of
liberty, and leads straight to its overthrow. A society in which men recognize
no check upon their freedom soon becomes a society where freedom is the
possession of only a savage few; as we have learned to our sorrow.
“I Am An American Day” Address by Learned Hand
What then is the spirit of liberty? I cannot define it; I can only tell
you my own faith. The spirit of liberty is the spirit which is not too
sure that it is right; the spirit of liberty is the spirit which seeks to
understand the mind of other men and women; the spirit of liberty is
the spirit which weighs their interests alongside its own without bias;
the spirit of liberty remembers that not even a sparrow falls to earth
unheeded; the spirit of liberty is the spirit of Him who, near two
thousand years ago, taught mankind that lesson it has never learned
but never quite forgotten; that there may be a kingdom where the
least shall be heard and considered side by side with the greatest.
And now in that spirit, that spirit of an America which has never
been, and which may never be; nay, which never will be except as
the conscience and courage of Americans create it; yet in the spirit of
that America which lies hidden in some form in the aspirations of us
all; in the spirit of that America for which our young men are at this
moment fighting and dying; in that spirit of liberty and of America I
ask you to rise and with me pledge our faith in the glorious destiny of
our beloved country
Assignment: Discussion
By Sojourner Truth, given at the Women's Convention, Akron, Ohio , December 1851
Sojourner Truth:"Ain't I a Woman?"
Well, children, where there is so much racket there must be something out of kilter. I think that 'twixt the negroes of the South
and the women at the North, all talking about rights, the white men will be in a fix pretty soon. But what's all this here talking
about?
That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place
everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman? Look
at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain't I a
woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man - when I could get it - and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman? I
have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus
heard me! And ain't I a woman?
Then they talk about this thing in the head; what's this they call it? [member of audience whispers, "intellect"] That's it, honey.
What's that got to do with women's rights or negroes' rights? If my cup won't hold but a pint, and yours holds a quart, wouldn't
you be mean not to let me have my little half measure full?
Then that little man in black there, he says women can't have as much rights as men, 'cause Christ wasn't a woman! Where did
your Christ come from? Where did your Christ come from? From God and a woman! Man had nothing to do with Him.
If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to
be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again! And now they is asking to do it, the men better let them.
Obliged to you for hearing me, and now old Sojourner ain't got nothing more to say.
Sojourner Truth:"Ain't I a Woman?”
 Assignment: Answer the following questions on your own sheet of paper and
be prepared to discuss:
1. Is this formal or informal?
2. What type of speech is this?
3. What rhetorical devices did the author use?
4. What does Truth say about intellect in paragraph three? Do you agree with
her?
5. What moments do you find most compelling in advancing the speaker’s
argument? Explain what makes them compelling.
6. Who is the speaker? What do we know about her? How do we know?
7. How many children did Sojourner Truth have?
8. List all the reasons Truth believes that women should have equal rights.
9. What methods does Truth use to build and support her argument? How does
each method work?
10. How do you think Truth felt after she gave her speech?
11. Describe the structure of the speech. How is it appropriate for her purpose
and audience?

Rhetoric: the art of effective or persuasive
speaking or writing, esp. the use of figures of
speech and other compositional techniques.
 Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to
improve the capability of writers or speakers that
attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate
particular audiences in specific situations.




Parallelism: repeating a grammatical
structure or an arrangement of words to
create rhythm and momentum
Restatement: expressing the same idea in
different words to clarify and stress key
points.
Repetition: using the same words frequently
to reinforce concepts and unify the speech.
Rhetorical Question are inquiries that have
obvious answers and that are asked for effect


Hyperbole: gross exaggeration
Allusion: calling something to mind without
mentioning it explicitly; an indirect reference.

The goal of argumentative writing is to persuade your
audience that your ideas are valid, or more valid than
someone else's. The Greek philosopher
Aristotle divided the means of persuasion, appeals,
into three categories--Ethos, Pathos, Logos.
 Ethos: the source's credibility, the speaker's/author's
authority
 Logos: the logic used to support a claim (induction and
deduction); can also be the facts and statistics used to help
support the argument.
 Pathos: the emotional or motivational appeals; vivid
language, emotional language and numerous sensory
details.
Convinced of something based
on the character of the author.
We tend to believe people whom
we respect.
Ethos (Credibility), or ethical appeal, means convincing by the
character of the author. We tend to believe people whom we
respect. One of the central problems of argumentation is to
project an impression to the reader that you are someone worth
listening to, in other words making yourself as author into an
authority on the subject of the paper, as well as someone who is
likable and worthy of respect.
 Ethos (Greek for 'character') refers to the trustworthiness or
credibility of the writer or speaker. Ethos is often conveyed
through tone and style of the message and through the way the
writer or speaker refers to differing views. It can also be affected
by the writer's reputation as it exists independently from the
message--his or her expertise in the field, his or her previous
record or integrity, and so forth. The impact of ethos is often called
the argument's 'ethical appeal' or the 'appeal from credibility.'

Michael Jordan became the
spokesperson for Nike - it
was an ethical appeal
because it implied that if a
person wore that sneaker,
they could be as good an
athlete as Michael Jordan.
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=3NxF3ipUEH
E
9 out of 10 dentists
recommend using
Blah Blah Blah
brand of
toothpaste.
https://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=99T
-iGcii8U




"My three decades of experience in public service, my tireless
commitment to the people of this community, and my
willingness to reach across the aisle and cooperate with the
opposition, make me the ideal candidate for your mayor."
"The veterinarian says that an Australian shepherd will be the
perfect match for our active lifestyle."
"If his years as a Marine taught him anything, it’s that caution is
the best policy in this sort of situation."
"You know me – I’ve taught Sunday School at your church for
years, babysat your children, and served as a playground
director for many summers."
Persuading by the use of
reasoning, facts, and statistics
Logos (Logical) means persuading by the use of
reasoning. This will be the most important technique
we will study, and Aristotle's favorite. We will discuss
what makes an effective, persuasive reason to back up
your claims. Giving reasons is the heart of
argumentation, and cannot be emphasized enough.
 Logos (Greek for 'word') refers to the internal
consistency of the message--the clarity of the claim,
the logic of its reasons, and the effectiveness of its
supporting evidence. The impact of logos on an
audience is sometimes called the argument's logical
appeal.


http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/15/health/amoeb
a-case-florida-warning/index.html

Toyota Hybrid
 http://www.ispot.tv/ad/7
VLR/toyota-fuelefficient-hybrid-cars

Water Conservation
 http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=lYBLA5cDH
u8



"The data is perfectly clear: this investment has consistently
turned a profit year-over-year, even in spite of market declines
in other areas."
"Ladies and gentlemen of the jury: we have not only the
fingerprints, the lack of an alibi, a clear motive, and an
expressed desire to commit the robbery… We also have video
of the suspect breaking in. The case could not be more open
and shut."
Research compiled by analysts from NASA, as well as
organizations from five other nations with space programs,
suggests that a moon colony is viable with international
support."
When an author persuades the
reader by appealing to our
emotions (makes us sad, makes
us laugh, etc.)


Pathos (Emotional) means persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions.
We can look at texts ranging from classic essays to contemporary advertisements
to see how pathos, emotional appeals, are used to persuade. Language choice
affects the audience's emotional response, and emotional appeal can effectively
be used to enhance an argument.
Pathos (Greek for 'suffering' or 'experience') is often associated with emotional
appeal. But a better equivalent might be 'appeal to the audience's sympathies
and imagination.' An appeal to pathos causes an audience not just to respond
emotionally but to identify with the writer's point of view--to feel what the writer
feels. In this sense, pathos evokes a meaning implicit in the verb 'to suffer'--to
feel pain imaginatively.... Perhaps the most common way of conveying a pathetic
appeal is through narrative or story, which can turn the abstractions of logic into
something palpable and present. The values, beliefs, and understandings of the
writer are implicit in the story and conveyed imaginatively to the reader. Pathos
thus refers to both the emotional and the imaginative impact of the message on
an audience, the power with which the writer's message moves the audience to
decision or action.
• SPCA Commercials
• https://www.you
tube.com/watch
?v=IO9d2PpP7t
Q
• Coffee Commercials
(son coming home
for Christmas)

http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=ymmHvlKz
TX8

St Crispin Day
 https://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=wHYeDqEngxU

Braveheart
 http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=lEOOZDbMrgE
"You will never be satisfied in life if you don’t seize this
opportunity. Do you want to live the rest of your years
yearning to know what would have happened if you
just jumped when you had the chance?“
 There’s no price that can be placed on peace of mind.
Our advanced security systems will protect the wellbeing of your family so that you can sleep soundly at
night."
 "Better men than us have fought and died to preserve
this great nation. Now is our turn to return the favor.
For God and country, gentlemen!“

Seldom is any one statement an example of only
one appeal.
"As your doctor, I have to tell you that if you
don't stop smoking, you're going to die.“
This statement combines all three appeals.
 Logos – reasoning/logic…smoking causes serious health
issues
 Ethos – credibility…a doctor
 Pathos – emotions…people don’t want to die
Persuasive Speech


Persuasive Techniques are the devices a writer
or speaker uses to influence the audience in
favor of his or her argument.
To analyze and evaluate persuasive techniques
as you read a speech, follow these steps:
Read aloud to hear the emotional impact of certain
words and the rhythm and momentum created by
specific word patterns.
 Consider the effectiveness of the persuasive
techniques the author uses and decide where his or
her idea are supported with valid evidence.





In a persuasive speech, a speaker tried to convince
listeners to think or act in a certain way.
Strong persuasive speakers present information
and supporting evidence clearly and logically so
listeners can follow the reasoning.
Persuasive speakers may also use emotional, or
charged, language.
In addition, they often use rhetorical devices,
patters of word and ideas that create emphasis and
emotion.






Momentous adj very important
Defaulted v. failed to do something or be
somewhere when required or expected; failed
to make a payment when due
Hallowed adj sacred
Degenerate v. grow worse
Creed n. statement of belief
Oppression n. keeping others down by the
unjust use of power
Because speeches are written to
be spoken aloud, they are a more
fluid form of literature than most
other nonfiction. A strong
speaker will react to unspoken
signals from his or her listeners
and adjust a speech accordingly.
He or she might change words or
add whole phrases. This is the
case with Dr. Martin Luther
King, Jr., one of the greatest
speakers of the modern age. The
text in your workbook is
represents the speech exactly as it
was delivered by Dr. King on the
steps of the Lincoln Memorial.
READING CAN BE FOUND ON
PAGE 68 IN YOUR WORK BOOKS.
VIDEO OF MLK GIVING
SPEECH IN WASHINGTON D.C.



Essay Topic: “Remember! Celebrate! Act! King’s Legacy
of Freedom for Our World ”
Content of Criteria: Expound on what Dr. King had
envisioned for the world and what you can do today to
promote or advance his dream.
Composition: typed, 800 – 1000 words, must put word
count







Is the essay on the right topic?
Is content organized?
Is there unity of thought?
Is subject developed in a logical manner?
Does choice of words show variety and are non-repetitive?
Is sentence structure and grammar good?
Is the content creative and original?

HW: Re-read the MLK speech in your
workbooks and mark examples of Logos,
Pathos, Ethos and other rhetorical devices
(allusions, repetition, etc.).
By Pete Hamill
LIBRARIES FACE SAD CHAPTER
EVALUATING PERSUASION
A persuasive argument is composed of a series
of claims, or statements that express a
position.
 To analyze and evaluate an author’s argument,
identify passages in which the author makes a
claim.

 Then
reread those passages to test the author’s
reasoning and the quality of supporting evidence.
EVALUATING PERSUASION

When analyzing and evaluating an author’s
argument ask yourself:
Is the argument credible, or is it based on faulty
reasoning?
 Is the evidence valid, relevant, and sufficient?
 Are any generalizations, or broad statements,
supported by evidence?


In addition, look for counterclaims, or opposing
opinions, that the author introduces and attempts
to disprove.
PERSUASIVE ESSAY
A persuasive essay is a short nonfiction work in
which the author’s purpose is to convince a reader
to think to act in a certain way.
 To achieve that purpose, a writer may include
varied types of persuasive appeals.

Appeals to Reason: logical arguments based on
verifiable evidence, such as facts, statistics, or expert
testimony.
 Appeals to Emotion: statements intended to affect
reader’s feelings about a subject. These statements
may include charged language – words with strong
positive or negative associations.

VOCABULARY
Volumes: n. books that are either part of a set
or combined into one
 Presumed adj. accepted as true; supposed
 Curtailed v. cut short; reduced
 Medium: n. means of communication
 Duration: n. length of time something lasts
 Emulate: v. imitate (a person or thing admired)

LIBRARIES FACE SAD CHAPTER


Textbook page 232 or
PDF on website
Assignment: Textbook
page 237 (all)
FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS
Franklin D. Roosevelt
• candor n. sharp honesty or frankness in expressing
oneself
• Feasible adj. capable of being done or carried out;
practicable; possible
• Arduous adj. difficult; laborius
Vocabulary
• Roosevelt elected
president in 1933, three
years into the Great
Depression
• Reading in Reader’s
Notebooks
• Video of FDR
• Assignment: Textbook
page 291 (all)
First Inaugural Address
By Meridel Le Suer
 Exodus
n. departure from an area in
large numbers
 Privations n. state of being deprived of
what is needed to survive
 Futility n. quality of having no result or
effect; useless
 Reportage
is a type of journalism in
which the writer includes him- or herself
in the story.
• Today, this sort of reporting is called subjective
or new journalism.
 Reading
in workbook
pg. 78
 Assignment:
Textbook page 316
(all)
GRAMMAR
Independent and Dependent
Clauses
• A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a
verb.
• An independent clause can stand by itself as a complete
sentence.
• A dependent clause cannot stand by itslef; it needs more
information to make sense.
Independent and Dependent
Clauses
Independent Clause
Martin Luther King,
Jr., dreamed
The audience listened
to the man
They clapped loudly
Dependent Clause
that all people would
have equal rights.
who stood before
them.
when King finished
speaking.
Colons, Semicolons, and
Ellipsis
Punctuation marks are symbols that clarify the meaning of
sentences.
• A colon (:) is used mainly to list items following an
independent clause.
• A colon is also used to introduce a quotation after an
independent clause.
• A semicolon (;) is used to join independent clauses that are
closely related in meaning.
• A semicolon may also be used to separate independent clauses or
items in a series that already contain several commas.
Colons, Semicolons, and
Ellipsis
• Ellipsis points (…) show that text has been omitted or an idea
has not been expressed.
• Usually indicate:
• Words that have been left out of a quotation
• A series the continues beyond the item being mentioned
• Time passing or an action continuing in a narrative
Colons, Semicolons, and
Ellipsis
Colon
Semicolon
Ellipsis Points
The flowers
seemed human:
nodding,
bending, and
dancing.
The teacher
lifted the desk
herself; the
sight greatly
impressed the
students.
He struck
out…but the
end of the game
would surprise
them all.
Subject – Verb Agreement
• A singular verb must be used with a singular subject; a plural
verb must be used with a plural subject.
• Reegan is going home now.
• Many storms are the cause of beach erosion.
• In a sentence with combined singular and plural subjects, the
verb should agree with the subject closest to it.
• Either the cats or the dog is hungry.
• Neither Angie nor her sisters were present.
Subject – Verb Agreement
• Agreement errors often occur with compound subjects –
subjects joined by and, or, or nor – and with indefinite
pronouns and subjects.
• Compound subject joined by And:
• The couch ad the captain (is/are) going to attend.
• Compound Subject Joined by Or or Nor:
• Either Jason or his brother (is/are) brining back snacks.
• Indefinite Pronoun as Subject:
• Everybody who supports our ideas (is/are) helping.
Subject – Verb Agreement
• Fixing Errors:
• Identify whether the subject in a sentence is singular or plural
• Select the matching form of the verb
• For compound subjects joined by and, use plural verb forms.
• For singular subjects joined by or or nor, use singular verb forms.
• When the subject is an indefinite pronoun, use the appropriate verb
form.