The first phase of
industrialization
Page 107
Industrialization
• Change from cottage industry to factory
production
Cottage industry
• Home business
Raw materials were brought to a home.
• Also included skilled workers such as
weavers, cabinet makers, masons….
Factory
• Capital investment led to the development
of specialized places for production.
• Big change was people going to work.
Specialization
• Pin factory
• Specialization leads to simple tasks
unskilled labour.
Cheap labour
• Mass production
Lower cost goods
Factors
• Labour
• People moving into the cities and to Canada
from Europe provided plenty of cheap
labour.
Workhouse
Factors
• Infrastructure
Transportation
• St Lawrence River, canals, railways
Factors
• Capital
Investors
Machinery
Factors
• Water power from the rivers to run the
machines.
Factors
• Tariff protection from outside competition
Companies
• Managers tended to be English
• Workers tended to be French or immigrants
Types of business
• Food processing
Flour, Sugar, Meat packing, brewing,
• Leather
tanning boots shoes
• Textiles
Sinning and weaving cloth
Types of business
• Tobacco
• Transportation equipment
• Wood
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Working conditions
Page 108
Working conditions
• Less than 20% of the population lived in the
cities in 1867.
• 1900
36%
Working conditions
• Farm work is hard
People thought city life would be easier
Many tales of riches.
• People moved into the cities
They found conditions very harsh
Working conditions
• Six day work week
• 60 to 72 hours per week
• Machinery was unguarded and unsafe
• Work places were not heated
• Shops were not ventilated
Working conditions
• Low wages
$10 per man for a week
Less for some
• Women might get $3 per week and children
less.
• Children would start working at 8 years old
• Many factories would hire more women and
children
Working conditions
• No insurance
not for sickness or injury
• No unemployment insurance
• No two week vacations
• Managers could place fines on workers.
• Worker could be beaten/ punished
• Dismissed at will
Trade unions
• Unions were illegal
Would be dismissed for trying to start one.
• Strike were broken with force.
Police or Military
Page 108
Living conditions
Page 109
Living conditions
• Towns had grow slowly for many years
• When industrialization began towns grew
quickly
• Conditions varied greatly
Living conditions
Working class
• Wooden structures built near the factories
• Constant danger of fire
Living conditions
Working class
• Overcrowded
No laws as to how many people could cram
in together
• No sewer system
Outhouse was shared by many families
• Often just a bucket
Living conditions
Working class
• No water system
• Water was sold by water carriers
Living conditions
Working class
• No power
• No refrigeration
Ice boxes
Living conditions
Working class
• Factories had no pollution controls.
• No garbage pick up
• Cats were used to keep the rats in check.
Living conditions
Working class
• High mortality rates
300 per 1000 children did not live one year
• Malnutrition
• Epidemics disease
Living conditions
Working class
•
•
•
•
Dirt roads
Dust in the summer
No snow removal in winter
Floods every spring
Living conditions
Working class
• Needed animals
horses and cows even chickens pigs
• These animals were kept near people
manure, flies and poor hygiene
Living conditions
Upper class
•
•
•
•
•
•
Entrepreneurs, businessmen
Professionals
Montreal Golden square mile
Stone buildings, large rooms
Many servants
Stable
Living conditions
upper-class
• Mortality rate was 187 per 1000
Still very high compared to today.
• Children had milk
• Medical treatment
• Better hygiene
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Emigration and colonization
Page 110
Population Growth
• Immigration was part of the National policy,
but the population grew slowly
• More people were moving out of Quebec
than moving in.
Population Growth
• Few immigrants wanted to stay in Quebec
• More opportunities out west
Population Growth
• Farms were over populated
Mechanization reduced the need for farm
laborers
• They could look to the city or the rest of
Canada for work.
Population Growth
• Most people looking for work came to
Montreal.
• Low paid jobs for unskilled workers.
Emigration
• American factories offered better wages and
jobs for entire families.
• 1,200,000 Quebecois left for the USA
• 62,000 went to Ontario
• 17,000 went west
Colonization
• The plan was to open new lans in Quebec to
encourage people to stay.
• Supported by the Roman catholic church
and the government
Colonization
• Land offered cheap
Railways were built to make transportation
easier
• Soils were thin and poor
Short growing season
no markets
• Only subsistence farming was possible
Colonization
• The plan was tough on people, but good for
logging companies who now had a supply
of cheap labour in the winter
• The roads and rails also helped the
companies
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