Science Final Review Notes
First, We Need To Know Length!!
Length: the unit of
measure to
determine the
distance of an object
Mass
• Mass: the amount of matter in a given
object
We use a BALANCE
to measure mass
I can’t hear it…turn it up!!! Turn what
up????
• VOLUME: the amount of space an object
takes up
1. You can use the
mathematical equation:
2. Use a graduated cylinder
volume of cube=
length x width x height
3. See how much water it
displaces by placing it in
water
When You Combine Mass and Volume, you
get…
• Density
A measure of the amount of matter that
occupies a given amount of space
SPACE
Amount of Matter
Does it Float or Sink?
 Observation – Any use of the senses to gather
information.
 Inference – An conclusion drawn from a small
sampling of data.
Solids
• Phase of matter in which matter has a
definite shape and volume
Molecules (small
round objects)
are arranged and
organized in
“tightly packed”
order
Liquids
• Phase of matter in which matter takes
the shape of its container and has
definite volume
Molecules are
moving slowly;
not fast enough
to overcome the
attractions
between them
Gases
• Phase in which matter changes in both
volume and shape
Molecules move
very quickly and
are able to break
apart from one
another
So How Do We Classify
Them?
• How fast the molecules move!!!
Solids
Liquids
Molecules
Move
move slow faster than
and vibrate solids and
in place
overcome
some
attraction
Gases
Plasmas
Move fast
Move
and
incredibly
overcome
fast but
all of
break apart
attraction
• The seven types of energy are:
Heat
Chemical
Light
Energy
Nuclear
Electrical
Sound
Mechanical
What Makes An Object Move?
• Force: a push or pull on an object
Characteristics of Forces
1. Have size
2. Direction
3. Units = Newtons
40.0 Newtons
What is Friction Then?
o Friction: a force that opposes
motion between two surfaces
that are touching
There is NO SUCH
THING as a completely
smooth surface!!
Newton’s Laws
1. An object in motion tends to stay in
motion unless acted upon by an
outside force
2. Force = mass x acceleration
3. For every action, there is an equal
and opposite reaction
Levers
• A simple machine consisting of a bar
that pivots at a fixed point
Fulcrum: pivot point
Inclined Planes
• Simple machine that is a straight,
slanted surface
The longer an inclined plane is compared to
its height, the greater the mechanical
advantage
Wheel and Axle
• Consists of two circular objects of
different sizes
1st Circular
Object
2nd Circular
Object
The wheel allows the individual to spin
the axle easier
Pulleys
• Consists of a grooved wheel that holds
a rope or a cable
Compound Machines
• Machines that are made of two or more
simple machines
The more moving parts, the more
mechanical advantage
Efficiency In Machine
• Machines can be made to be more efficient
We do this by REDUCING…
Lubricants: substances
that are applied to
surfaces to reduce friction
between them
Law of Conservation of Energy
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Energy can only change form.
• Potential Energy – Stored energy
• Kinetic Energy – Energy of motion
• The motion of molecules increases when
heated and decreases when cooled.
• When energy is transformed from one form to
another heat is the type of energy that is
almost always a byproduct.
What happens to substances
when they are heated or cooled?
• When objects are heated...they
• When objects are cooled...they
***Water is the only exception...it actually
expands as it cools
Conductors
• Materials that negative charges
move easily through
• Charges are free to move
around
Good conductors:
metals such as silver,
aluminum, copper,
and mercury
Insulators
• A material in which negative
charges do not move well
Found on electrical wire to keep you
from shocks
Good Insulators:
Plastic, rubber, glass,
wood, and air
What Is A Current?
• Current: the rate at which
charges pass a given point
Made by electrons moving in
a wire
Circuits
• Complete, closed path through which
electric charges flow
Closed
Open
Two Types of Circuits
• 1. Series: all parts are connected
in one loop
Types Of Circuits
• 2. Parallel: different loads are
located on separate branches
Magnetic Poles
• Every magnet has two poles
The parts of a magnet where the
magnetic effects are the greatest
Types Of Waves
• 2 Types
1. Transverse Waves
2. Longitudinal Waves
These two waves can be identified by the
direction in which the particles of the
medium vibrate compared with the
direction in which the waves travel
Transverse Waves
• Transverse: waves that move across
Particles in a
transverse wave
move across or
perpendicular to
the direction of
the wave
Longitudinal Waves
• Longitudinal: the particles of a medium
vibrate back and forth along the path that
the wave travels
Properties of Waves
• Amplitude: the maximum distance
the wave vibrates from its rest
position
Larger the amplitude = taller wave
What Does Amplitude Mean?
• Small Amplitude = low energy
• Large Amplitude = high
energy
Wavelength
• Wavelength: the distance between
any two adjacent crests or
compressions
Frequency
• Frequency: the number of waves
produced in a given amount of time
Expressed in
Hertz
Sound Waves are Longitudinal
Remember COMPRESSIONS
and RAREFACTIONS!!!!
Compressions
SOURCE
Rarefactions
What Is Light?

Electromagnetic Wave (EM): a wave
that travels through matter or space
and consists of electric and magnetic
fields
Field: area around an object that can
exert a force, push, or pull on
another object
No contact is needed
Refraction

Bending of a wave as it passes at an
angle from one medium to another
Reflection

When light or any other waves bounces off
an object
Allows us to see objects that do not produce their own light
Light and Color

Color is produced by REFLECTION
and ABSORPTION!!!!
The colors
that are
REFLECTED
are the
colors that
you can
see!!!!!!
What Are Our Basic Colors?
Meet ROY G. BIV

THE RAINBOW!!!
R
O
Y
G
B
I
V
= RED
= ORANGE
= YELLOW
= GREEN
= BLUE
= INDIGO
= VIOLET
Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Name for the range of electromagnetic
waves when they are placed in order of
increasing frequency
Electromagnetic Spectrum Continued
long
Wavelength
short
low
Frequency
high
Matter that consists of
two or more substances
mixed together but not
chemically combined
Type of chemical mixture
formed when one
substance is dissolved in
another
Example: Water and Oil
Example: Sugar and Water
Water will be found on the bottom The sugar “disappears” in the
separated from the oil
water
Example: Chocolate Syrup and
Milk
Example: Chocolate powder
and Milk
The syrup will fall to the bottom
after letting it settle
The powder will “disappear” in
the milk
The amount of solute that can be
completely dissolved in a given
amount of solvent at a specific
temperature
SOLUBLE
Substance that
is able to
DISSOLVE in
another
INSOLUBLE
Substance is not
able to dissolve
in another

Solute – The part that gets dissolved

Solvent – The part that does the
dissolving
Elements
 A pure substance that cannot be broken down into
other substances
 Molecule – Are composed of atoms of two or more
elements.
The Atom
 3 parts
 1. Protons = positive charge
 2. Neutrons = neutral charge
 3. Electrons = negative charge
Change of State Diagram
Physical Properties
Can be observed without changing
what the object originally was
EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Physical Changes
Changes in size, shape, or color (the
object is still the same substance)
EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL CHANGES
Chemical Changes
Evident when we make a NEW
SUBSTANCE!!
EVIDENCE OF PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL CHANGES
PHYSICAL CHANGES
CHEMCIAL CHANGES
Size
Bubbling
Shape
Flammable
Color
Dissolving/Dissolves
** A WAY TO FIGURE OUT
HOW MUCH SUBSTANCE
YOU CAN DISSOLVE AT
DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES**
** Match the temperature at
the bottom with the grams
of solute on the left
side…where they meet is
the solubility for that
substance**