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• Apache Life Tuesday: Skating @
the Rollercade
Chapter 8
Collapse, Corruption, and
Reform in Europe
When Charlemagne’s Reign Ended
• Papal power between the East and
West Collapsed
• The papacy = a strategic office to hold
The Carolingian World Collapses
PART I
Treaty of Verdun (843 AD)
• Divided the empire: East, West, and Middle
Papal Office Corruption (9th c. )
• Result of
domestic
hardships
• More corruption
among popes
than in any
point in time of
history
Popes of the 9th c.
• Lacked Leadership
skills
• Corrupt
• Abused their
power
• Didn’t resist the
Emperor of Rome
Example of Abuse:
• Pope Stephen IV exhumed body of Pope
Formosus
• Placed Pope Formosus on trial
Pope Formosus
• Was found guilty
• Three fingers
were removed
• Body was thrown
to the mob
Why was a DEAD pope
placed on trial?
• Not worthy to be pope
• Had sided with a king
against Pope John
Simony
• The selling of
spiritual benefits
and ecclesiastical
positions for
temporal gain
Pope John XII
•
•
•
•
Pope at 18
Crowned Otto I
Practiced simony
Gave bishop positions as
favors to wealthy
families
The Rise of Feudalism
• Empire broken
into 50 duchies
• Concern: How
should the land
be protected?
Feudalism
• The holding of a land for a fee and on the
resulting relations between a lord and vassal
Nepotism
• The Appointment
of family members
to important
positions
• Increased with rise
of Feudalism
Feudalism and the Church
Bishops:
enjoyed more wealth
allowed to marry
allowed to have children
gave own sons the title they
held
The Viking Invasions
• Prevented monastic reform
• Unstoppable because of civil unrest in
territories
• Destroyed monasteries
The Viking Invasions
• Weakened
monasteries’
civilizing influence
• Learning was
forgotten
• Abbots became
brigands (bandits)
The New Temporal Orders
PART III
Otto I (936-973)
• Desired an alliance with the Church to
secure own royal power
Ottonian Line’s Influence
• Lay Investiture
• Power over
proprietary
churches
• Gave ecclesiastical
funds to royal
coffers
Lay Investiture
• The appointment
of bishops, abbots,
and other church
officials by feudal
lords and vassals.
Otto II (988-1002)
• Appointed tutor (Gerbert) to be pope
(Pope Sylvester II)
Pope Sylvester II
& Otto II
• Relationship was foundation for the Lay
Investiture controversy
The Lay Investitures Controversy
PART IV
Pope St. Gregory the Great VII
• Became pope b/c of
enthusiastic crowds
• Relentless
• Energetic
• Iron Will
• “Father of Canon Law”
• Dictatus Pape
Dictatus Papae
Specific powers rest on pope alone:
Convene/ratify council
Define tenets of the Faith
Appoint, transfer, and remove bishops from
office
Dispose of temporal rulers
Pope St. Gregory the Great VII
• Excluded simony from
Church Hierarchy
• Priests who practiced
fornication barred
from serving Mass
• Anyone who did not
follow new rules were
shunned by Clergy
Emperor Henry IV
• Appointed the Bishop of
Milan
• Stripped of Crown (by
pope)
• Excommunicated
• Granted forgiveness
• Appointed an anti-pope
Concordat of Worms
• Spiritual Investiture =
Church
• Civil Investiture = Civil
• Free election of
Bishops
• Simony condemned
• Veto power over
Church elections= King
Constitutions of Clarendon
• King controls abbeys,
Episcopal sees, Church
money, elections
• Any appeals to Rome
have to be approved
by the King
Pope Innocent III
• Church reached
height of power
• “Vicar of Christ”
• Power gives power
to Kings
• Interfered to keep
balance of power
“From the Fury of the Northmen Deliver Us, O Lord.”
A VIKING
INVASION
Round Towers
• Door placed one floor
up
• Monks hid in them for
safety
• Series of ladders inside
kept Vikings away
Irish Round
Towers
Round Towers: Other
Theories
• Erosion
• To absorb
energy
• Bell towers
• To support the
structure
High Crosses
• Unmovable
• Practical
• Illustrated Bible
stories
• Gravestone
High Crosses
Cluny and the Monastic Reform
PART II
Among the Chaos …
• Reform arose in Cluny:
Universal Church within a political framework
Dignity of the human person
Founding of Reform (909/910)
• Land donated by
William the Pious
• Donated for
monastery to be
built
New Monastery in Cluny
• New Commitment
to the Benedictine
Rule
• Had only one
Abbot
• St. Berno was the
first Abbot
St. Berno
• Settled Cluny with
12 companions
• Renewed
commitment to
Benedictine rule
• Placed all energies
into glorifying God
Cluny
Other Monasteries
• Had only one Abbot
• Benedictine Rule
• Decreased manual
labor
• Had one abbot above
each individual
monastery
• Increased manual
labor (feudalism)
Cluny Monks
• Strict rule
• Emphasized spiritual
life
• Reinstated Divine
Office
Benedictine Monks
• Relaxed rule
• Emphasized
working life
• No Divine Office
The Cistercians and Carthusians
PART V
The Cistercians
• White Monks
• St. Robert of
Molesme
• Emphasized
farming and
simplicity of lifestyle
• Converted Slavic
tribes
The Cistercians
St. Bernard of Clairvaux
• Second founder of
Cistercians
• Had a classical education
• Focused on the Scriptures
and the Fathers of the
Church
• Debated Peter Abelard
• “Age of St. Bernard”
• Rejected promotions
• Divine life communicated to
the world in the person Jesus
Christ
The Carthusians
• St. Bruno
• Did not live together
(had own private cells)
• Bring life of desert
hermit into context of
monastery
• Revived Christian
devotion to prayer and
simplicity
The Carthusians