P.3A.3 Construct explanations for how energy is conserved as it is transferred and
transformed in electrical circuits.
6.P.3A.4 Develop and use models to exemplify how magnetic fields produced by electrical
energy flow in a circuit is interrelated in electromagnets, generators, and simple electrical
motors.
Electrical Power, Series and Parallel Circuits, Electromagnetic Induction
Essential Knowledge
An electric circuit contains:
● A source of electrical energy. Examples include:
○ The electrical energy in a battery comes from stored chemical energy.
○ The electrical energy in a solar cell comes from light energy from the sun.
○ The electrical energy in outlets may come from chemical energy (burning fuels) which
powers a generator in a power plant.
● A conductor of electrical energy (wire) that connects all parts of the electric circuits.
● A transformer changes the electrical energy into something else (a light bulb changes
electrical energy into radiant energy)
An electric circuit must be a complete, unbroken path through which the electricity flows.
● The wire (conductor) must connect the power source to the transformer and then connect
back to the power source to create a complete, or closed, circuit. A closed circuit allows the
electricity to flow and the transformer to change the electrical energy into another type of
energy.
○ A light bulb with two wires attached to it, one going to the negative end of a battery and
one going to the positive end of the same battery, is an example of a closed circuit.
● If the circuit is not closed, then electricity cannot flow and the circuit is an open circuit.
Since the electricity is not flowing, the transformer cannot change the electrical energy into
another type of energy.
● The purpose of a switch is to control whether a circuit is closed (electricity flows) or open
(electricity cannot flow).
Electrical energy can be transformed to other forms of energy in a circuit. For example:
Light
● Electrical energy can be transformed into light energy in an electric circuit if a light bulb is
included in the circuit.
● The transformation in this case might be that chemical energy in a battery is transformed
into electrical energy in the circuit which is transformed into light and heat energy in the
light bulb.
Sound
● Electrical energy can be transformed into sound energy in an electric circuit if a bell,
buzzer, radio, or TV is included in the circuit.
● The transformation in this case might be that chemical energy in a battery is transformed
into electrical energy in the circuit which is transformed into sound energy by the bell or
buzzer.
Heat
●Electrical energy can be transformed into heat energy in an electric circuit if a toaster,
stove,
The transformation in this case might be that-● Chemical energy from the fuel at the power plant is transformed into heat energy.
● This heat energy is transformed into mechanical energy to turn a generator.
● The generator transforms the mechanical energy into electrical energy.
● Then the electrical energy in the circuit is transformed into heat energy in the heater.
Mechanical motion
● Electrical energy can be transformed into the energy of mechanical motion if a fan or motor is
added to the circuit.
● Transformation in this case might be that chemical energy in a battery is transformed into electrical
energy in the circuit which is transformed into the energy of mechanical motion by the fan or motor.
● A generator in a circuit can change mechanical motion into electrical energy.
○ The transformation in this case might be that chemical energy from the fuel at a power plant is
transformed into heat energy which is transformed into mechanical energy to turn a generator.
○ The generator transforms the mechanical energy into electrical energy.
○ This is the source of energy in electric outlets.
Electrical energy is conserved as it flows in the circuit.
● The Law of Conservation of energy states that energy isn’t created or destroyed; it only changes
forms.
● The reason that batteries eventually lose power is because some of the electrical energy is
transformed into another source of energy (radiant energy in a flashlight, for example). Some of the
electrical energy is also transformed into heat energy.
● In this example, if the flashlight is left on, more and more of the electrical energy will be
transformed into light and heat energy. This will continue until the electrical energy is depleted.
Extended Knowledge
• Construct a generator (water, wind, or solar powered) and connect it to a transformer.
• Measure the voltage before and after a transformer to explore the conservation of electrical energy.
• Compare and/or construct series and parallel circuits