Earth/Space:
Beginning with Science
1.) Exosphere - Everything located outside the Earth, in space; stars, galaxies, and the sun
2.) Atmosphere - The thin layer of gases surrounding Earth
3.) Cryosphere - All the ice on Earth
4.) Biosphere - Every living thing on Earth
5.) Hydrosphere - All the water in oceans, rivers,
lakes, streams, and underground
6.) Geosphere - The land surfaces and
interior of Earth
Scientific Method:
Purpose/Question:
Research:
What you’re trying to “find out”.
Find out what other scientists have discovered.
Hypothesis:
Make a prediction as to what you think will happen (or what
the “answer” is).
Experiment:
Design and carry out your experiment; use variables.
Analysis: Look over (review) the data from your experiment.
Conclusion:
Was your hypothesis correct?
What is the difference between
Pseudo Science and Good Science?
Pseudo Science vs. Good Science
Pseudo-science cannot be answered by the scientific method. The
answers to these questions often involve opinion or beliefs. To be
considered science, information must be testable and the results must be
reproducible. The scientific method must be followed.
Ask yourself this…
Has it been tested and observed numerous times by more than one group of scientists?
Is the study or data documented completely, and does it follow the scientific method?
Does the information contain just the facts and avoid mixing in opinion and assumption?
Is the information presented purely for public knowledge, avoiding being connected with a new product
that is for sale?
Does the information come from a third party that is not profiting from the results of the study?
Is this information supported by any other studies that have been conducted by other companies or
agencies?
Metric vs. US
system of
Measurement
Metric system of measurement
is accepted worldwide. We
start with “base” units.
Tools that we use are:
Base metric unit = Gram (g)
Tools that we use are:
Thermometers
Base metric unit = Kalvin (K)
Tool used could be a
graduated cylinders.
Base metric unit = Liter (l)
Length
Tools used can be: Rulers, Meter sticks, Meter tapes, etc
Base metric unit = Meter (m)
Graphs:
(Please see Lesson 4 for additional types of graphs.)
Review: Parts of an atom
What are the three sub atomic particles in an atom?
1.
2.
3.
What charge does each particle have? (positive, negative, or neutral)
1.
2.
3.
Where are they located?
1.
2.
3.
Review: Parts of an atom
What are the three sub atomic particles in an atom?
1. Protons
2. Neutrons
3. Electrons
What charge does each particle have? (positive, negative, or neutral)
1. Proton = Positive (+)
2. Neutron = Neutral (0)
3. Electron = Negative (-)
Where are they located?
1. Proton = Inside the nucleus
2. Neutron = Inside the nucleus
3. Electron = Outside the nucleus
Weak Nuclear force:
Strong Nuclear force:
What does the Atomic Number tell us?
(what information)
Atomic Number
– The number of protons in an atom.
Atomic number:
How many protons are
in this atom.
The number of protons also equals the number of electrons in an atom!
What does the Mass Number
tell us?
Mass Number
– The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Mass number (or atomic mass):
total number of the protons + the
neutrons.
If we take the MASS number – ATOMIC number = # of neutrons
Protons + Neutrons
Protons only
• Number of protons changes the identity of an
atom.
• Number of electrons changes the properties
of an atom.
• Number of neutrons can affect the properties
of an atom also.
What happens in an Ionic
Bond?
Ionic Bond
Atoms give up an electron
or receiving an electron; becoming “ions”.
Elements that are involved in ionic bonds are “I, I, I” elements.
What happens in a Covalent
Bond?
Covalent Bond
Covalent like CO-operate (sharing).
A bond that forms by atoms sharing electrons.
1.) Solid
2.) Liquid
3.) Gas
4.) Plasma
Properties of Matter
What are the two different types of properties used to
describe matter?
Properties of Matter
What are the two different types of properties used to
describe matter?
Physical properties
Chemical properties
List 2 examples of physical properties:
Physical properties
Characteristics of a substance that can be measured without changing the identity
of the substance.
Appearance (Like: color or shape)
Odor (smell)
Melting point and boiling point
Density
Hardness
Ductility and Malleability (ability to change shape)
Solubility
Electrical and thermal conductivity
Magnetism
Chemical properties
Characteristics of a substance that describe the ways it can react to form
new materials.
Flammability (reacts with oxygen)
Reaction with acids and bases
Reacts to water
Decomposition (break down) caused by light or heat
Tendency to corrode (rust)
Physical Changes
A change that does not create a new substance. The shape, form, or
appearance of a substance may have changed, but the substance is still the
same.
Paper
Now I’ve torn (ripped)
paper
It’s changed… but not into anything new. It’s still paper.
How do we know something goes through it?
How do we know something goes through it?
When something changes into something different, and
we can’t get it back the way it was.
Chemical Changes
The wood has changed into something “new” (ash) and you can’t get it
back the way it was.
What are some things we can “observe” that
tell us a chemical change occurred?
Things we can “observe” that tell us a chemical change
occurred:
1. Change in color
2. Produces a gas
3. Heat
4. Light
A new substance being formed,
is an example of what type of
change?
Physical
or
Chemical?
What are the three ways that heat is
transferred?
Heat is transferred to the environment in three basic ways:
radiation
conduction
convection
What is the
Law of Conservation of Mass?
Law of Conservation of Mass
Matter cannot be created or destroyed. When something goes through a
physical or chemical change at the end of the change there is still the same
amount of matter as you started with. (It might be different, but the total amount is still the
same.)
Law of Conservation of Energy
Any form of energy can be transformed to any other form of
energy without a loss of net energy.
Energy is added to the water… particles move around more…
the water changes to a different state of matter.