Unit 2
Manufacturing Materials
Ch 3-5
R. Thomas Wright
Manufacturing
• Changes resources into more useful products.
– Hardware
– Wood products
– Metal products
– Plastics
– Glass
– Ceramic
– Medicine
Materials Used in Manufacturing
• Are derived from two sources
– Organic Materials: Traced back to living things
• Coal, Petroleum, and Wood
– Inorganic Materials: Non-living Ores and earth
elements
• Copper, Gold, Aluminum, Glass, Cement, and Rock
Three States of Organic and Inorganic
Materials
• Gases, Liquids, and Solids
• Non-Engineering Materials: are gases and liquids
that must be confined in a container to hold
shape.
• Engineering Materials: are solid materials that
will hold their shape without outside support.
– Engineering Materials are divided into four categories:
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•
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Metallic Materials
Polymeric Materials
Ceramic Materials
Composite Materials (Newest Form)
Metallic Materials
• Inorganic, crystalline substances with a wide
range of physical and mechanical properties.
• Pure metals are usually not used in their raw
state. They are converted
• Alloy: Mixture of two or more metals or
inorganic materials.
– Brass = copper + zinc
Metallic Materials
Ferrous Metals
• Ferrous Metals are derived from iron and are
composed of more than 90% iron and less
than 10% induced carbon
• All ferrous metals are technically termed as
Iron Carbon Alloys
• Steel is grouped into two categories
– Carbon Steel
– High Alloy Steel
Metallic Materials
Ferrous Metals – Carbon Steel
• Carbon Steel: Most common form of steel
where carbon is the major alloying element
– Can have up to 1% Carbon (C)
– No more than 1.65% Manganese (Mn)
– .60% Silicon (Si)
– .60% Copper (Cu)
Metallic Materials
Ferrous Metals – Carbon Steel-Classification
• Carbon steel is classified by a numbering
system and then divided into a specific class
• American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
numbering system (4 Digit System):
– AISI 1030 =
• 1 (1st digit) = Carbon (C) Steel
• 30 (Last 2 digits) = carbon (C) content in points or
1/100%
– 30 x .01 = .30% carbon (C)
Metallic Materials
Ferrous Metals – Carbon Steel-Classification
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•
•
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AISI 1030 = .30% carbon (C) content
.30% (C) and ↓ = Low Carbon Steel
.30% (C) to .55% (C) = Medium Carbon Steel
.55% (C) ↑ = High Carbon Steel
Metallic Materials
Ferrous Metals – High Alloy Steel
• High Alloy Steels: Special steels alloyed with
molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, or other
elements. (Tool steel or high speed steel)
– High-Speed or Tool Steel: generic name applied to
all steels that hold their sharpness under high
heat. Molybdenum, and tungsten resist the heat.
– Stainless Steel: Iron-carbon-chromium-nickel
alloyed steel. Chromium oxide on the surface
level that resists corrosion.
Metallic Materials
Non-Ferrous Metals
• Non-Ferrous: Metals that do not have iron as the
main ingredient.
– Aluminum: Bauxite ore converted into aluminum
oxide.
• 99.3% pure and lightweight
– Copper: 99.9% pure
• Brass = Copper and Zinc alloy
• Bronze = Copper-Tin or Copper-Aluminum
• Nickel Silver = Copper is 70% ingredient
– Lead: Heavy and soft metal
• Toxic!!!!
Microstructure
• Microstructure: The way molecules and
crystals are arranged in a material. Must be
viewed under a microscope because the
structure is so small
– Determines what a material is
Properties
• Properties are traits or qualities
that are specific to a material.
–Determines what materials will be
used for
Physical Properties
• Physical Properties: Characteristics that
describe the size, density, or surface texture of
a product.
• What one will see when they look at this
material
Mechanical Properties
• Mechanical Properties: Characteristics that
govern how a material will react to force or
load.
– Compression
– Tension
– Shear
– Torsion
Chemical Properties
• Chemical Properties: How materials will react
to different chemicals
– Stainless Steel
Thermal Properties
• Thermal Properties: How materials will react
to temperature