Live in _______________________
• Arboreal: ______________
• Five digit hands with a thumb (“____________________”)
• Nonspecialization: kept all 5 digits…did not specialize into _____,
___________________________
• Limb flexibility: arm and hand __________ unique to primates
• __________________ (great sense of vision)
• frontal direction, stereoscopic (3-D), color perception (typical
for animals that _______)
• Upright posture: ____________________
Chapter 14-15-16 Blue Book (“Sitter”)
________ mill years. Smaller, _______, _________, “furry”
Lemurs: size of a ______, __________, found
in ________________ only, long furry tail, feed
on ___________________, live in structured
groups
Lorises: _______, slow moving, hunt ______,
no tail, eyes ________________
______ mill years. Larger than prosimians, prominent skulls, more
______________, full color 3-D vision, _______ nose
Howler Monkey: ____________, diurnal, rain
forest habitat, feed mainly on leaves.
______________ tails (“grasping” appendage).
Loudest calls among primates (i.e. the
name!!)…consequently, very low ______________
encounters.
Squirrel Monkey: smaller, __________, white
face, dark eyes, long ________________ tails
used for balance, abundant food in leaves, fruits,
flowers, and even insects…consequently –
widespread _____________
___________ group of primates,
African in origin.
Guenons:
(Blue Monkey) Small (_______lbs), arboreal, omnivores, live in troops of
about ____ with one ___________ male.
Larger sexual __________________(physical difference btw sexes) due to
competition among mating males
Non-dominant males live __________ and will mate with wandering females
of a troop.
Large variation in __________ patterns
Baboons:
Largest monkey species (_______lbs). adapted for walking on the
___________ (non-arboreal) using _____ limbs.
Classic ______________ difference btw male and female. Large muscles,
long tail, large teeth and jaws…used only for _______________ “display”.
Will actually stand and defend against predators!!
Complex social organization…both male (“_______”) and female have rank.
Males leave the troops around age 4, females stay (prevents __________)
Highly successful _________ species.
Hairless “_________________” on their butts…bare callous to sit
Apes: larger _________, no tail,
Evolved from Old World Monkeys
about _____ million years ago.
Gibbons: 3 feet tall. Strictly _________, mostly
herbivorous.
Walk upright (_______________), but mostly move by
_________________ (“swinging). Can leap ____ feet
and brachiate at _____mph (fastest of all primates!!)
Thumbs are small are useless. Hands are used like
_________ for swinging quickly
________________ couples live with offspring (like
human!!). Leaves the family after 6-8 years.
Very _________ sexual dimorphism, due to low
_____________________ among males
Non-confrontational, and due to their speed, are rarely
preyed upon.
A. Orangutans
•
first of the Great Apes to evolve (___ million
years)
•
____________ tree dwelling animal
(arboreal) in the world (______lbs)
•
Shy solitary animal, difficult to study
naturally. Male and female socialize only to
mate.
•
Diet limited to hard to find fruits…better to
be on you own!
•
Can grasp with their _______
B. Gorillas
•
only discovered in _____ century by European scientists
•
Contrary to myth, gorillas are the _____ and _________ of all primates
…in spite of _________ lbs body standing over 6 feet tall!!
•
Live in small family groups of about _________. One large dominant silverback male leads the troop. Females move out after maturity (no inbreeding)
•
Herbivorous – eats ________lbs of vegetation per day!!
•
Cannot grasp with their feet….usually walk on all fours…NON-arboreal.
•
Chest pounding may indicate ___________, ______________, ________,
______________, or ______________________.
•
Yawning is a _________________ gesture
•
No “rump pad” (ischial callosites) – need to sleep in ___________________
•
Threat display: (usually accompanied with loud screams and roars)
•
1. __________ Charge: charge past adversary
•
2. __________ Charge: charge and stop short
•
3. ___________ Charge: runs directly into adversary
Dian Fossey: Gorilla in the Mist
(1998)
c. Chimpanzee
•
share over _______ of human genes…share common
ancestor.
•
Jane Goodall, Gombe, Tanzania (1960)…witnessed
__________________ and _______________
•
_________ lbs. Only ______________ left in the wild.
•
Usually NON-arboreal
•
UNLIKE baboons, ________ stay with the group while
________ migrate.
•
Huge array of facial expressions and vocalizations
(________________)
•
Males hunt monkeys in groups, each with a specific _____
(driver, blockers, chasers, ambushers)
•
Chimps at war: they may seek out and kill members of a
different community…not eaten for food. Only primate
(other than human) to commit “___________”. Suggested
that it’s for territorial expansion…war???
D. Bonobos
• used to be called _________ chimps, but they’re not much smaller than
chimps
• slimmer _____, narrower __________, longer ____, smaller ________
• Inhabit different areas in the wild, so they don’t _______ with chimps.
• enjoy ________ (unlike chimps)…also have small webbing between toes!
• walk _______________ more easily than chimps
• Society dominated by _________________ (unlike chimps!)
• Like humans, bonobos are ________________ active all the time
• Love, Not War: ___________ is used to maintain harmony within the group!
• Sex is used to avoid aggression, reconcile, or relieve tension (even between
_____________________ bonobos
Criteria traditionally used to show the evolution
of human intelligence.
However, it no longer is used to determine
intelligence because it is NOT linked with the
______________ or ________________ of
the Central NS.
It’s an ___________ mechanism for animals
to get food rather than changing their
physical ________________.
We change our _____________ rather
than our ____________
(generalization rather than specialization)
Use of a stone to crack open a nut
Use of a stick to access a termite mound
_________________ learning occurs primarily in primates, but
otherwise is actually quite _________ in the animal kingdom
(although does occur in a few others, such as some mammals and
birds.
It is an ____________, _________, and __________ way to
function within your environment. The passing on of behaviors
through generations may result in __________________.
For most animals, it is ____________ (you’re born with it). These
instinctive responses protect animals from _______________.
Lots of research still being done on this!! ________ versus ______.
Important Early Childhood Experiences:
• Contact Comfort; touch, warmth,
protective security
• Peer Relations; social isolation led
to ____________________, sexual
_________, rejection by others…also,
rocking, swaying, selfmutilation…never learned to
__________________ in a very social
society.
• Mother Deprivation; ____________
____________ would sit on the
infant, throw it against the wall, or
try to ____ it
* Harry Harlow’s work
Mother deprivation continued
• Infants who were raised by __________ then
separated from them became ___________________
_______________________. (Anaclitic depression)
•Normal development was ________ down on all levels.
•How many of these findings can we generalize to
humans?
•Play; may be ________, ___________,
or ____________.
•Costs; use ______, risk ____
•Benefits must outweigh
costs…healthy development of the
________ and
______________________.
(Greater stimulation led to larger
_______ with more ________.)
• Practice movements needed for
______________…deer vs.
mountain lion playing. Explore in
safety. Practice _______ behaviors.
Stimulates the development of the
nervous system and __________
abilities. And maybe just for
______!