Japanese
Aggression &
Chinese Patriotism
Adopt this mindset….

For much of the 20th century, China was trying to recover
from and rise up against foreign bullying and
domination.

WHY?

Because from the mid-19th century onward, foreign
powers undermined China’s sovereignty in many
different ways
1840s to early 1900s

Opium Wars- 1839 to 1842 and the Second Opium War
from 1856 to 1860.

By the 1820s China was importing 900 tons of Bengali
opium annually.

This trade drained silver and many Chinese became
addicted. The Emperor banned opium, which upset
foreign traders

Britain attacked China’s coasts, and forced them to sign
an unequal treaty.
French political
cartoon from the
late 1890s shows
helpless China
being divided
among Britain,
Germany, Russia,
France and Japan.
1840s to early 1900s

First treaty-The Treaty of Nanking (1842)

Opened the way for further opium trade

Ceded territory (including Hong Kong)

Unilaterally fixed Chinese tariffs at a low rate, granted
extraterritorial rights to foreigners in China (which were
not offered to Chinese abroad)
1840s to early 1900s

However, the court still refused to accept foreign
ambassadors and obstructed the trade clauses of the
treaties.

Disputes over the treatment of British merchants in
Chinese ports and on the seas led to the Second Opium
War (1856-1860) and the Treaty of Tientsin.

Treaty of Tientsin (1858)- The Second French Empire,
United Kingdom, Russian Empire, and the United States
were the parties involved.
1840s to early 1900s

These treaties opened more Chinese ports to the
foreigners, allowed Christian missionary activity, and
legalized the import of opium.

They were ratified by the Emperor of China in the
Convention of Peking in 1860, after the end of the war.

CHINA CLEARLY COULD NOT DEFEND ITSELF!
Reactions

HOW DID CHINA REACT/RESPOND TO THIS TREND?
VIOLENCE IN THE FORM OF REBELLIONS
BOXER REBELLION OF 1900: violent anti-foreign and antiChristian movement which took place in China between 1899
and 1901.

Fall of Qing Dynasty (1912): Ended over 2,000 years of
imperial rule. The 1911 Revolution was the downfall.

MAY 4TH INCIDENT/MOVEMENT: An anti-imperialist, cultural,
and political movement growing out of student
demonstrations in Beijing on May 4, 1919. This led to…..

FOUNDING OF NEW POLITICAL PARTIES- CCP
Further Reactions

Further Japanese aggression (Twenty-One Demands,
etc.) led to more surges of Chinese patriotism.

Some resorted to violence- bombing stores that sold
Japanese-made goods, attempting to assassinate
Japanese officials within China.

Others turned to non-aggressive ways- boycotts of
certain foreign goods, government policies aimed to
encourage patriotic support of the domestic economy
Further Reactions

The Nationalists started the National Goods Campaign.

This was designed to support import substitution as a way
to counter the domination of foreign goods in China.

Chinese citizens were encouraged to buy items with
“National Goods” designation
Next

You will all read about a patriotic Chinese businessman
whose company was designated a “National Goods”
producer.

Focus on how he used his business to pursue his personal
and professional mission to strengthen China.
Directions
1.
You will be divided into groups of 3-4. (by 9)
2.
I will distribute the reading “Song Feiqing and the
Oriental Corporation”- read this quietly and
independently.
3.
Once you finish the reading, choose one task with your
group to present to the class tomorrow.
4.
You will have the rest of the hour to complete this task
5.
BE PREPARED to present your task to the rest of the class
tomorrow. Everyone will present!
6.
See me for any questions or comments.