WHII: SOL 7 b, c
Latin American Revolutions
Napoleon
• Napoleon invaded Spain and put his brother
Joseph on the throne
• The colonies saw this as their opportunity to
take advantage of Spain’s weakness to rebel
Haiti
• Toussaint L’Ouverture
• Self-educated former slave led slave revolts in
Haiti in 1791
• Brilliant general
• 1798 slavery was abolished and Toussaint's
forces controlled most of the island
• 1802 Napoleon tries to re-conquer the island
• Agreed to a truce but French captured Toussaint
and he died in prison
• The Haitians defeated the armies of three foreign
powers: Spain, France, and Britain.
Mexico
• 1810-Led by Father Miguel Hidalgo, a creole
priest
• Called for the end of slavery and improved
conditions for Native Americans
• Creoles rejected his cause
• Hidalgo was captured and executed
• 1812- Father Jose Morelos continued fighting,
picking up where Hidalgo left off
• 1815-he is also captured and executed
Mexico
• 1820-creoles force the Spanish king to issue a
constitution
• Augustin de Iturbide led combined liberal,
creoles, mestizos, and Native Americans to
overthrow Spanish control
• 1821-Mexico gained its independence
South America
• Simon Bolivar-educated creole who admired
American and French revolutions
• 1810-led Venezuela to independence (created
a republic)
• Led his troops over the Andes Mts. And
combined forces with the Venezuelan
cowboys to defeat the Spanish at Bogata
• By 1821-had freed Venezuela, Colombia,
Caracas
South America
• Bolivar joined forces with Jose da San Martin
• San Martin had freed Argentina, Peru, and
Chile
• Wars of independence ended by 1824
• Civil wars persisted, divisions causing ongoing
problems (class divisions remained)
Brazil
• Napoleon conquers Portugal
• Portuguese royal family flees to Brazil
• When they return, the king leaves his son
Dom Pedro behind
• 1822-as his father advised, Dom Pedro led
Brazil to independence and became emperor
• Created a constitution
• Brazil remained a monarchy until 1889, when
a revolution led to the creation of a republic