Environmental Controls II/IIG
Lecture 5
Electrical Equipment
Utility Rate Structures
Electrical Power Management
Electrical Equipment
Power Supply
S: F. 27.1 p. 1228
Electrical
Equipment
Switchgear
S: F.27.2 p.1229
Electrical Equipment
Switchgear Space Requirements
S: F.26.28 p.1191
S: F.27.12 p.1239
Electrical
Equipment
Distribution Networks
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Cable/Conduit
Busduct
Busway
Underfloor systems
Raised floor systems
S: F.27.9 p.1237
S: F.27.33 p.1253
Electrical Equipment
Safety Considerations
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National Electric Code
Fuses and Circuit Breakers
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI, GFI)
Battery Backup
Emergency Generator
Armored Cable vs Metal Clad
Electrical Equipment
Electrical Closets
S: F.28.14 p.1281
Electrical
Equipment
Electrical Plans


Lighting
Power
S: F.28.21 p.1296
S: F.28.22 p.1297
Environmental Controls II/IIG
Utility Rate Structures
Utility Rate Structures
Billing Components
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Connection Charge
Consumption
Demand
Power Factor
S: F.25.13 p. 1157
Utility Rate Structures
Block Rate
$X1 for first Y1 kwh
$X2 for next Y2 kwh …
Energy Charge
$X per kwh
Utility Rate Structures
Ratchet Clause
Charge to insure capacity based on
previous peak demand
40
PEAK DEMAND35
30
AVG DEMAND
25
20
15
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Utility Rate Structures
Time of Day Rates
$X1/kwh for on peak hours
$X2/kwh for off peak hours …
Uninterruptible Power Supply
Example
Large General Service Rate
$11.25/month service connection
Demand charge: $9.72/kw
Energy charge: $0.0682/kwh first 200 kwh
$0.0632/kwh for remainder
Ratchet clause: 11 month
Example
Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW
Month
Kwh
KW
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
750
680
570
550
600
560
580
500
590
620
590
620
30
22
21
32
35
19
21
16
18
21
22
23
Example
Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW
Month
Kwh
KW w/o ratchet
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
750
680
570
550
600
560
580
500
590
620
590
620
30
22
21
32
35
19
21
16
18
21
22
23
$351.25
$269.07
$252.39
$358.05
$390.37
$232.32
$253.03
$199.37
$224.50
$255.55
$263.38
$274.99
$3,324.27
Example
Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW
Month
Kwh
KW w/o ratchet w/ratchet
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
750
680
570
550
600
560
580
500
590
620
590
620
30
22
21
32
35
19
21
16
18
21
22
23
$351.25
$269.07
$252.39
$358.05
$390.37
$232.32
$253.03
$199.37
$224.50
$255.55
$263.38
$274.99
$3,324.27
$351.25
$346.83
$339.87
$358.05
$390.37
$387.84
$389.11
$384.05
$389.74
$391.63
$389.74
$391.63
$4,510.11 +36%
Environmental Controls II/IIG
Electrical Power Management
“Facts of Life”
Utilities are licensed to provide sufficient
capacity to maintain expected demands
New power plants are expensive to
license and construct
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Nuclear
Hydroelectric
Natural Gas
Oil
Coal
All pose safety concerns to humans or the
environment
Sources of Electrical Power
Coal
51
Nuclear
20
Natural Gas
17
Water
7
Petroleum
3
Other
2
Total
100%
http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/infosheets/electricgeneration.htm
Future Sources of Electrical Power
Coal
38
Nuclear
15
Natural Gas
23
Water
--
Petroleum
6
Other
18
Total
100%
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html
Emerging Technologies/Strategies
Supply Side Management
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Wind
Photovoltaics
Tidal
Biomass: “Waste to Energy”
Demand Side Management

Conservation vs New Construction
Design Practice Initiatives


Design Certifications
Stewardship of the Built Environment
Supply Side Management
Wind
Supply Side
Management
Photovoltaics
Supply Side Management
Biomass: “Waste to Energy”
http://www.co.hennepin.mn.us/vgn/portal/internet/hcdetailmaster/0,2300,1273_83267_100490584,00.html
Supply Side
Management
Tidal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy
Demand Side Management
Conservation instead
of New Construction
www.utahpower.net
Demand Side Management
Consumption Control:
More efficient lamps
More efficient motors
More efficient appliances
Controls (occupancy sensors, etc.)
Demand Side Management
Demand Control:
Manual (timers, management)
Automated (EMS, BAS, PC)
Loads:
Sheddable
Non-sheddable
S: F.25.13 p.1157
Demand Side Management
Utility Incentives:
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Time of Day Rates: load shifting
Demand Reduction Rebates: demand limiting
Equipment Rebates: consumption reduction
Contract Renegotiation: cost reduction
UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MI
AKA Associates, 1988
Demand Side Management
Industry Incentives:
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
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Partnering
Energy Codes
Tax Credits
“Green Lights” program
UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MI
AKA Associates, 1988
Design Practice Initiatives
Design Certifications:



LEED
Energy Star
Green Globes
Phillip Merrill Environmental
Center, Annapolis MD
SmithGroup, 2000
Design Practice Initiatives
Stewardship of the Built Environment
=Historic Preservation + Sustainability

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Conserves resources
Reduces material streams
Revitalizes neighborhoods
Maintains “sense of place”
Increases livability
Big-D Construction Headquarters,
Salt Lake City, UT
GSBS, 2005
1st LEED “GOLD” building in Utah